P enos thr497

Telmisartan and losartan were purchased from Cayman Chemicals (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Fimasartan was a gift from Boryung Pharmaceuticals (Seoul, Korea). D-glucose, D-mannitol, GW9662, acetylcholine (ACh), phenylephrine (PE), sulfanilamide, N-(1-Naphthyl)ethylenediamine, okadaic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies against eNOS, p-eNOS-Ser¹¹⁷⁹, p-eNOS-Thr⁴⁹⁷, and PP2Ac were purchased from BD Transduction Laboratories (Lexington, KY, USA). Antibodies against Akt, p-Akt-Ser⁴⁷³, AMPK, p-AMPK-Thr¹⁷² were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Beverly, MA, USA). Antibodies against p-eNOS-Ser¹¹⁶ and β-actin were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA) and Sigma-Aldrich, respectively. Minimum essential medium (MEM) and Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) were obtained from Welgene Inc. (Gyeongsan, Korea). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), penicillin and streptomycin antibiotics, trypsin–EDTA solution, and plasticware for cell culture were purchased from Gibco-BRL (Gaithersburg, MD, USA). All other chemicals used were of the purest analytical grade available.

Sodium arsenite (NaAsO₂, used as arsenite) was purchased from VWR international (West Chester, PA, USA). Calyculin A, okadaic acid and Ro318425 were obtained from Calbiochem (Nottingham, UK). N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Antibodies against eNOS, p-eNOS-Ser¹¹⁷⁹, p-eNOS-Thr⁴⁹⁷, and p-eNOS-Ser¹¹⁶ were obtained from BD Transduction Laboratories (Lexington, KY, USA) and Upstate (Lake Placid, NY, USA), respectively. Antibodies against PP1α, β-actin, and all corresponding secondary antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotech (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Lipofectamine 2000, Minimal essential medium (MEM), Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), newborn calf serum (NCS), penicillin-streptomycin antibiotics, L-glutamine, trypsin-EDTA solution, and plasticware for cell culture were obtained from Gibco-BRL (Gaithersberg, MD, USA). All other chemicals were of the purest analytical grade.