Toluene

Manufactured by Carl Roth

Sourced in Germany

Toluene is a clear, colorless organic liquid with a characteristic benzene-like odor. It is a common solvent used in a variety of laboratory and industrial applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Methanol, by Carl Roth (6 mentions) Perchloric acid, by Carl Roth (2 mentions) Acetone, by Carl Roth (2 mentions) Selenium, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Cadmium oxide, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions) Tri n octylphosphine oxide, by ABCR (2 mentions) Tri n octylphosphine, by ABCR (2 mentions) Hydrogen peroxide, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Acetonitrile, by Carl Roth (2 mentions) Acetone, by Merck Group (2 mentions) Activated charcoal, by Carl Roth (1 mentions) Adenosine triphosphate (atp), by Roche (1 mentions) Adenosine diphosphate (adp), by Roche (1 mentions) Sephadex g 15, by GE Healthcare (1 mentions) Noradrenaline, by Merck Group (1 mentions) Ethyl acetate, by Carl Roth (1 mentions) 1 dodecanethiol, by Merck Group (1 mentions) N hexane, by Carl Roth (1 mentions) Nabh4, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions) Haucl4 3h2o, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (1 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Dry toluene (2 citations)

15 protocols using toluene

Synthesis and Analysis of Inositol Phosphates

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Prostaglandin E₁ was obtained from Cayman Chem. Comp. (Ann Arbor, MI, USA); BCA-protein-assay-reagent from Pierce (Rockfield, IL, USA); pentobarbital-sodium (Nembutal R) from Wirtschaftsgenossenschaft dtsch. Tierärzte (Hannover, Germany); ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP, ADP, and GDP were obtained from Roche Diagnostics (Mannheim, Germany); inositol(1,4)P₂, inositol(2,4)P₂, inositol(4,5)P₂, inositol(5,6)P₂, inositol(1,4,5)P₃, noradrenaline, adrenaline, and silicic acid SIL-350 were purchased from Millipore-Sigma (Darmstadt, Germany); Sephadex G15, HL-Q-Sepharose HP, [5,6(n)-³H] PGE₁, [8-³H] GTP, [8^-14C] ADP, [2-³H] inositol with stabilizer PT6-271, [2-³H] inositol(1,4)P₂, and [³H] inositol(1,4,5)P₃ were obtained from GE-Healthcare (Solingen, Germany); activated charcoal, toluene, ethyl acetate, methanol, Rotiscint 11, and Rotiscint 22 were obtained from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany); all other chemicals of reagent grade were from E. Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).
A regiospecific ionsitol-P₅/inositol-P₄-phosphohydrolase from Dictyostelium discoideum was exploited for the synthesis of inositol (1,6)-bisphosphate [35 (link)].
Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7 and Figure 8 were drawn with Microsoft office Excel 2007 (12.0.6787.5000) SP3 MSO (12.0.6785.5000).

Gypakis A., Adelt S., Lemoine H., Vogel G, & Wasner H.K. (2024). Activated Inositol Phosphate, Substrate for Synthesis of Prostaglandylinositol Cyclic Phosphate (Cyclic PIP)—The Key for the Effectiveness of Inositol-Feeding. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(3), 1362.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles

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The following chemicals and materials were used as received: ethanol (abs. HPLC, Th Geyer), DI H₂O (SG water ultra clear UV ultrapure water, 0.055 μS cm⁻¹), HAuCl₄·3 H₂O (ACS 99.99% metal basis, Au 49.0% min, Alfa Aesar), NaBH₄ (99%, Acros Organics), 1-dodecanethiol (>98%, Sigma Aldrich), toluene (>99.5% for synthesis, ROTH), n-hexane (>99% p.a. ACS, ROTH), tetra-n-octylammonium bromide (98+%, Alfa Aesar), Vulcan XC72 (carbon black, Cabot), Nafion 117 (sol. 5%, Sigma Aldrich), Baytubes C 150 P (carbon nanotubes, C-purity >95%, number of walls 3–15, Bayer Material Science), Black Pearls 2000 (carbon black, Cabot), argon (99.999%, Air Liquide), oxygen (99.998%, Air Liquide), hydrogen (99.999%, Air Liquide), potassium hydroxide (99.98%, ROTIMETIC, 3N8), perchloric acid (Supra 70%, ROTH), CO₂ (99.995%, Air Liquide).

Dieterich E., Kinkelin S.J., Steimecke M, & Bron M. (2022). Quantifying the removal of stabilizing thiolates from gold nanoparticles on different carbon supports and the effect on their electrochemical properties. Nanoscale Advances, 4(23), 5154-5163.

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Synthesis and Functionalization of Polymer Nanocomposites

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The 2-(N,N-diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) and methyl methacrylate (MMA, 99%, Sigma-Aldrich) were purified by passing them through a neutral aluminum column; and 2,2′-azobis(isobutyronitrile) (AIBN, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich) was recrystallized from methanol. Aluminum discs (99.999%, Goodfellow), perchloric acid (HClO 4 , 70%, Carl Roth), ethanol (EtOH, 96%, Carl Roth), ortho-phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 , 85%, Carl Roth), chromium(IV) oxide (CrO 3 , ≥98%, Sigma-Aldrich), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 , 35%, Carl Roth), buffer solution pH 5 ± 0.02 (PBS, Carl Roth), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, ≥99%, Fischer), anhydrous 1,4dioxane (99.8%, Acros), toluene (≥99.5%, Roth), anhydrous toluene (99.8%, Acros), silica nanoparticles (SiO 2 NP, 10-20 nm, Sigma-Aldrich), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%, Sigma-Aldrich), hydrochloric acid (HCl, 37%, Carl Roth), S-(thiobenzoyl)thioglycolic acid (99%, Sigma-Aldrich), 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, >98%, ABCR), N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS, 98%, ABCR), anhydrous dichloromethane (DCM, 99.8%, Acros), (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES, ≥98%, ABCR) and other chemicals were used as received.

Huang X., Mutlu H, & Theato P. (2020). A CO₂-gated anodic aluminum oxide based nanocomposite membrane for de-emulsification. Nanoscale, 12(41).

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Fabrication of Gold Nanoparticle-Functionalized PEG Hydrogels

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Poly(ethylene glycol)diacrylate
(PEG, M_w 575) and 2-hydroxy-4′-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-2-methylpropiophenone
(photo-initiator—Irgacure 2959), octadecyl-trichlorosilane
(octadecyl-silane), trichloro(1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl)silane (perfluoro-silane),
tetrachloroaurate trihydrate (HAuCl₄·3H₂O), and trisodium citrate (Na₃C₆H₅O₇) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemie GmbH (Steinheim,
Germany). Eight-arm PEG was purchased from Jenkem technology (Plano,
TX, USA). Silicon wafers were purchased from Microchemicals GmbH (Ulm,
Germany). Isopropanol, acetone, ammonia (25%), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂ 30%), concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄ 98%), and toluene were purchased from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe,
Germany). (3-Aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane (amino-silane) was from
abcr GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany), and PDMS and the curing agent were
from Dow Corning GmbH (Wiesbaden, Germany). All chemicals were used
without further purification.

Yesildag C., Bartsch C, & Lensen M.C. (2018). Micropatterning of Au NPs on PEG Hydrogels Using Different Silanes To Control Cell Adhesion on the Nanocomposites. ACS Omega, 3(7), 7214-7223.

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Methylation of Sodium Bituminosulfonate

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Authentic production batches of sodium bituminosulfonate (Ichthyol-Natrium Hell®) were provided by Ichthyol-Gesellschaft Cordes, Hermanni & Co. (GmbH & Co.) KG, Germany. The derivatisation agent tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) (25% solution in water, Sigma-Aldrich, USA) and trimethylsilyldiazomethane (TMSDAM) (2 M in diethyl ether, Acros, USA) were used for the methylation of sodium bituminosulfonate. For the extraction and dissolving of the samples, toluene (> 99.5%, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), methanol (> 99.9%, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany), and acetone (99.9%, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) were used. The adjustments of the pH values were performed with trimethylamine (> 99%, Sigma-Aldrich, France) and concentrated hydrogen chloride (37%, Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany). The used water was produced by a Milli-Q® water purification system (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Sigma-Aldrich made the standards used for the TGA: benzenesulfonic acid (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, USA), sodium benzenesulfonate (97%, Sigma-Aldrich, Switzerland), and methyl benzenesulfonate (98%, Sigma-Aldrich, India).

Schwalb L., Tiemann O., Käfer U., Rüger C.P., Gröger T, & Zimmermann R. (2023). Applying a risk assessment guided evaluation for verifying comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography to analyse complex pharmaceuticals. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 416(4), 1033-1045.

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Colloidal Quantum Dot Synthesis

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CdO (>99.5%), tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP, 97%), tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO, 99%), thioglycolic acid (TGA, 98%), gelatin (Type B, ~225 g Bloom), m-Cresol, deuterium oxide, and methanol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. N-Octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA, >99%) was purchased from PCI Synthesis, selenium shot (99.999%) from Alfa Aesar, potassium hydroxide (85–100%) from VWR and toluene (>99.5%) from Carl Roth. All chemicals were used as received without further purification.

Spinnrock A., Martens M., Enders F., Boldt K, & Cölfen H. (2019). Controlled Preparation of Nanoparticle Gradient Materials by Diffusion. Nanomaterials, 9(7), 988.

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Synthesis of Colloidal Metal Nanocrystals

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Cadmium oxide (CdO, 99.998%), methanol (anhydrous, 99.9%), and selenium (Se, 99.999%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide (97%), silver nitrate (99.85%), tri-n-butylphosphine (97%), tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO, 99%) and tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP, 97%) were purchased from ABCR. Toluene (99.9%) and methanol (≥99.5%) were purchased from Carl Roth. Octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA, ≥99%), hexylphosphonic acid (HPA, ≥99%), and tributyl phosphine (97%) were purchased from PCI Synthesis. Cadmium nitrate tetrahydrate (99%), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 , 35%), lead acetate trihydrate (>99%), mercaptopropionic acid (MPA, 99%), mercury chloride (99.5%), octadecene (ODE, 90%), potassium hydroxide (KOH, ≥85%), sulfur (S, 99.98%), tetrakis (acetonitrile)copper hexafluorophosphate ([Cu(CH 3 CN) 4 ]PF 6 , 97%) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Acetone (dried, 99.9%) was purchased from Merck.

Lübkemann F., Rusch P., Getschmann S., Schremmer B., Schäfer M., Schulz M., Hoppe B., Behrens P., Bigall N.C, & Dorfs D. (2020). Reversible cation exchange on macroscopic CdSe/CdS and CdS nanorod based gel networks. Nanoscale, 12(8).

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Synthesis of Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals

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Cadmium oxide (CdO, 99.99%)
and selenium (Se, 99.99%) were purchased from Alfa Aesar. Tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO, 99%) and tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP, 97%) were purchased from ABCR. Hexylphosphonic
acid (HPA, ≥99%) and octadecylphosphonic acid (ODPA, ≥99%)
were purchased from PCI synthesis. Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, 35%), n-hexane (≥99%), 3-mercaptopropionic
acid (MPA, ≥99%), (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPTMS,
95%), 1-octadecene (ODE, 90%), sodium sulfite (≥98%), and sulfur
(S, 99.98%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Methanol (≥99.5%)
and toluene (99.9%) were purchased from Carl Roth. Tin-doped indium
oxide glass (ITO glass), which is based on 1.1 mm coated unpolished
soda lime float glass was purchased from VisionTek and applied as
electrode substrate. The substrate shows a surface resistance of 12
ohms/sq. Disposable cuvettes of the type Macro 2.5 to 4.5 mL (PMMA)
were purchased from VWR. A silicon sealing mass of the type Toolcraft
Transil Silikon was purchased from Conrad Electronic SE. The inkjet
printer model was Epson Expression Premium XP-620.

Miethe J.F., Luebkemann F., Schlosser A., Dorfs D, & Bigall N.C. (2020). Revealing the Correlation of the Electrochemical Properties and the Hydration of Inkjet-Printed CdSe/CdS Semiconductor Gels. Langmuir, 36(17), 4757-4765.

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Silicone Resin Composite Formulation

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In the research, the following materials were used:

Silicone resin DOWSIL™ 7358 (Q2-7358) from Dow Corning (Midland, MI, USA).

NOVIPER DB 50—Bis(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl) peroxide (DClBPO) from Novichem (Chorzów, Poland)—cross-linking agent.

Toluene from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany)—solvent.

Talc from Elementis UK Ltd. (Cologne, Germany)—filler.

Antosik A.K., Grajczyk A., Półka M., Zdanowicz M., Halpin J, & Bartkowiak M. (2024). Influence of Talc on the Properties of Silicone Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Materials, 17(3), 708.

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Analytical Protocol for Arsenic Speciation

Cited 1 time

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Water was obtained from a Milli-Q
system (18.2 MΩ cm, Millipore GmbH, Vienna, Austria). M ethanol
(≥99.9%, MeOH), dichloromethane (≥99.9%, DCM), chloroform
(≥99.9%), methyl-tertiary-butyl ether (≥99.5%, MTBE),
acetonitrile (≥99.9%, AcN), toluene (≥99.8%), formic
acid (≥98%), and ammonia (25%) were obtained from Carl Roth
GmbH (Karlsruhe, Germany); hexane (≥95%), ethyl acetate (≥99.5%,
EtOAc), diethyl ether (≥99.5%, Et₂O), and acetone
(≥99.5%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Vienna, Austria);
and ethanol (≥99.9%, EtOH) and silica gel 60 were obtained
from Merck (Buchs, Switzerland). Arsenic(V) standard solution (998
± 5 mg As L^–1) was also obtained from Merck.
The certified reference material (CRM) was NMIJ CRM 7405-a (Trace
Elements and Arsenic Compounds in Seaweed—Hijiki) from the
Natural Metrology Institute of Japan (Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan). Saturated
hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) solution was prepared by bubbling
H₂S gas (produced by a Kipp’s apparatus) through
EtOH for 10 min. Standard compounds of AsHC332, AsHC360 and AsHC388
were synthesized in-house according to Taleshi et al.^{18 (link)} and prepared by dissolving 7.5 ± 0.2 μg (as
As) in M ethanol (1 mL).

Glabonjat R.A., Raber G., Jensen K.B., Ehgartner J, & Francesconi K.A. (2014). Quantification of Arsenolipids in the Certified Reference Material NMIJ 7405-a (Hijiki) using HPLC/Mass Spectrometry after Chemical Derivatization. Analytical Chemistry, 86(20), 10282-10287.

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