During the experiment, determinations of chlorophyll concentration and net photosynthetic rates were monitored before each harvest time. The relative chlorophyll concentration was determined using a non-destructive method: a Dualex chlorophyll meter (Force-A Dualex Scientific, Orsay, France). The determination was carried on ten measures per leaf and five leaves per replicate. Moreover, the net photosynthetic rate was measured using a CIRAS-3 photosynthesis system (PPSystems, Amesbury, MA, United States).
Ciras 3 photosynthesis system
Manufactured by PP Systems
Sourced in United States
The CIRAS-3 is a photosynthesis system designed to measure gas exchange. It is capable of analyzing the concentrations of carbon dioxide and water vapor in air samples, allowing for the assessment of photosynthetic activity in plants.
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Lab products found in correlation
6 protocols using ciras 3 photosynthesis system
1
Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis Monitoring
2
Photosynthetic Measurements under Ambient Conditions
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Photosynthesis parameters were measured using the portable CIRAS-3 photosynthesis system (PP Systems, Amesbury, MA, USA). These parameters include the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), transpiration rate (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE). The determination time was between 8:30 and 11:00 am. on sunny and clear days. Light was provided with ambient lighting during the time of measuring. The CO2 concentration was that of the ambient air. Other environmental factors were not specifically controlled. Three replicates were made from three different plants in each treatment.
3
Photosynthetic Characteristics of Mung Bean
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The top third fully expanded leaf from each treatment was used to analyze various photosynthetic characteristics with a CIRAS-3 photosynthesis system (PP Systems, Amesbury, MA, United States) at 9:00–11:00. Gas exchange parameters, such as net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), were determined under 1,000 μmol m–2 s–1 light intensity, 400 μmol mol–1 atmospheric CO2 concentration, and 30°C leaf temperature. Three mung bean plants were used for each plot.
The Chl fluorescence parameters were measured with the MINI-PAM-II fluorometer (Imaging PAM, Walz, Germany). Before measurement, all plants were adapted for 30 min in a dark chamber. The maximal fluorescence of the light-adapted state (Fm) and the maximal PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) were determined by a 3,000 ms saturated light pulse. Leaves were illuminated with an actinic light (1,800 μmol (photon) m–2 s–1). Fv/Fm, photochemical quenching (qP), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were calculated based on the dark- and light-adapted fluorescence measurements in accordance with the method of Gong et al. (2019) (link).
The Chl fluorescence parameters were measured with the MINI-PAM-II fluorometer (Imaging PAM, Walz, Germany). Before measurement, all plants were adapted for 30 min in a dark chamber. The maximal fluorescence of the light-adapted state (Fm) and the maximal PSII quantum yield (Fv/Fm) were determined by a 3,000 ms saturated light pulse. Leaves were illuminated with an actinic light (1,800 μmol (photon) m–2 s–1). Fv/Fm, photochemical quenching (qP), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) were calculated based on the dark- and light-adapted fluorescence measurements in accordance with the method of Gong et al. (2019) (link).
4
Photosynthetic Parameters Measurement
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Photosynthetic parameters were measured using the portable CIRAS-3 photosynthesis system (PP Systems, United States). It includes the net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and transpiration rate (Tr). Water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated by WUE = Pn/Tr. All measurements were carried out between 8:30 and 11:00 on sunny and clear days. The top third or fourth functional leaves were selected for measurement. Light was provided during sampling with ambient light in real time and the CO2 concentration was that of the ambient air. Other parameters were not controlled. Three replicates were made from three different leaves of the same plant and three plants were measured for each treatment.
5
Shading effects on Pinus koraiensis
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The natural distribution range of P. koraiensis is mainly in Northeast China. Four-year-old seedlings of P. koraiensis were cultivated at the experimental field of Daquanzi Forest Farm in Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province (126°55′–128°19′, 45°30′–46°01′). A total of two different shading treatments and control were used, including light shade (LS, 80% light), heavy shade (HS, 20% light) and control (CK, 100% light). For the shading treatments, light was artificially reduced using black nets covering all seedlings and allowing 80% and 20% of the photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), and PPFD measured using the portable CIRAS-3 photosynthesis system (PP Systems, Amesbury, MA, USA). There were 50 seedlings per treatment and they were not occluded with each other. After shading for 45 days, we collected samples. Each sample consisted of leaves from three plants grown in the same shade treatment. All leaf samples were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C.
6
Chlorophyll and Photosynthetic Efficiency in Orchardgrass
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The chlorophyll (Chl) contents of the high-and low-tillering orchardgrass were measured as previously described [119] (link). The photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) and performance index on an absorption basis (PIABS) were determined using a Pocket PEA chlorophyll fluorescence system (Hansatech Instruments, Pentney, UK). The stomatal conductance (Gs), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), and transpiration rate (Tr) were measured using a portable CIRAS-3 photosynthesis system (PP Systems, Amesbury, MA, USA) that provided 400 µL L -1 CO 2 and 800 µmol photon m -2 red and blue light in the leaf chamber. Finally, the water use efficiency (WUE) was calculated as Pn/Tr [120] (link). The chlorophyll content and photochemical parameters were measured at the four-leaf (L4) stage.
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