Ac di sol

Manufactured by FMC Biopolymer

Sourced in United States, United Kingdom

Ac-Di-Sol is a pharmaceutical excipient used as a disintegrant in solid dosage forms. It is a cross-linked croscarmellose sodium, which functions to facilitate the breakup of tablets and capsules upon contact with water or digestive fluids, promoting drug release.

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Lab products found in correlation

17 protocols using ac di sol

Warfarin Solid-state Stability Evaluation

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For the evaluation of warfarin solid-state stability, commercial tablets “A” from a Czech market were used, and tablets “B” and “C” were prepared. Tablets “A” contained 5.40 mg of warfarin sodium isopropanol clathrate per tablet, which was equivalent to 5.00 mg of warfarin sodium. The excipients for “A” were lactose monohydrate, cellulose microcrystalline, corn starch, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate. Tablets “A” were packed in PVC/Al clear blister (10 tablets in blister and five blisters in a paper box). For the preparation of the “B” tablets, warfarin sodium isopropanol clathrate (WSC; Pliva, Zagreb, Croatia) was used (5.40 mg in one tablet). For the preparation of “C” tablets, the amorphous form of warfarin sodium (WSA) was used (5.00 mg in one tablet). The common excipients of “B” and “C” were Di-Cafos^® 92-14 70% (calcium hydrogen phosphate, Budenheim KG, Germany), Avicel^® PH 101 25% (microcrystalline cellulose, FMC BioPolymer, USA), Ac-Di-Sol^® 2% (sodium croscarmellose, FMC BioPolymer, Philadelphia, PA, USA) and magnesium stearate 1% (Peter Greven GmbH & Co. KG, Bad Münstereifel, Germany). The WSA and tablets “B” and “C” were prepared by direct compression according to the methodology described previously [27 (link)].

Muselík J., Urbanova M., Bartoníčková E., Palovčík J., Vetchý D., Czernek J., Janisova L., Velychkivska N., Franc A, & Brus J. (2021). Structural Changes of Sodium Warfarin in Tablets Affecting the Dissolution Profiles and Potential Safety of Generic Substitution. Pharmaceutics, 13(9), 1364.

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Standardized Formulation of Wuzi Yanzong

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The Wuzi Yanzong formula consists of five types of seeds: Cuscutae semen (Cuscuta chinensis), Lycii fructus (Lycium barbarum), Rubi fructus (Rubus chingii), Schizandrae fructus (Schizandra chinensis), and Plantaginis semen (Plantago asiatica) [16 (link)]. The herbal seeds were obtained from Ominherb (Deagu, Korea). Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC, Heweten^® 102, JRS Pharma, Rosenberg, Germany), croscarmellose sodium (CCS, Ac-Di-Sol^®, FMC biopolymer, Philadelphia, PA, USA), crospovidone (Cros, Kollidone^® CL, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany), silicon dioxide (SiO₂, Aerosil^®-200, Evonic Degussa, Essen, Germany), and magnesium stearate (Mg St, FACI, Jurong Island, Singapore) were purchased from Whawon Pharm (Seoul, Korea). All of the other reagents were of analytical or of high-performance liquid chromatograpy (HPLC) grade.

Oh E., Kim U., Lee B.J, & Moon C. (2019). Multivariate Statistical Optimization of Tablet Formulations Incorporating High Doses of a Dry Herbal Extract. Pharmaceutics, 11(2), 79.

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Formulation and Characterization of Paracetamol-Zinc Sulfate Tablets

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Paracetamol and zinc sulfate, pharmaceutical grades (Fagron, Newcastle, UK), microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel^® PH101, FMC Biopolymer, Girvan, UK), crospovidone (Polyplasdone^® XL, FMC Biopolymer, Girvan, UK), sodium stearyl fumarate (FMC Biopolymer, Girvan, UK), lactose (SuperTab 14SD), sodium starch glycollate (Explotab CLV, Mendell GmbH, Volklingen, Germany); sodium croscarmellose (Ac-Di-Sol, FMC Biopolymer, Girvan, UK; mannitol, (Pearlitol^® 200SD Roquette, UK), magnesium stearate, technical grade (Sigma Aldrich, Dorset, UK); Buxton^® bottled water, Buxton, UK; Aptamil^® 1 first milk, ready-to-feed (Nutricia, Trowbridge, UK).

Orubu S., Kendall R.A., Sheng Y, & Tuleu C. (2022). Evaluating the Taste Masking Ability of Two Novel Dispersible Tablet Platforms Containing Zinc Sulfate and Paracetamol Reconstituted in a Breast Milk Substitute. Pharmaceutics, 14(2), 420.

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Copovidone-based Pharmaceutical Formulations

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Two types of copovidone grades PS630 and PS630U were supplied by Ashland, Inc. (Lexington, KY, USA). QF was obtained from RIA International LLC (East Hanover, NJ, USA). Avicel PH® 101 (microcrystalline cellulose) and Ac-Di-Sol® (croscarmellose sodium) were gift samples from FMC Biopolymer (Walnut Street, PA, USA); magnesium stearate and Aerosil® 200 (colloidal silica) were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). All other chemicals used were of analytical reagent grade.

Butreddy A., Sarabu S., Bandari S., Batra A., Lawal K., Chen N.N., Bi V., Durig T, & Repka M.A. (2021). Influence of Plasdone™ S630 Ultra—an improved copovidone on the processability and oxidative degradation of quetiapine fumarate amorphous solid dispersions prepared via hot-melt extrusion technique. AAPS PharmSciTech, 22(5), 196.

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Formulation and Delivery of Diazepam

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Diazepam was kindly donated by Polfa Tarchomin (Warsaw, Poland). The pellets were composed of microcrystalline cellulose (Vivapur PH101, JRS Pharma, Rosenberg, Germany) and lactose monohydrate (Sorbolac 400, Meggle, Wasserburg, Germany). The minitablets additionally contained croscarmellose sodium (Ac-di-sol, FMC BioPolymer, Newark, USA) as a superdisintegrant, sodium stearyl fumarate (Pruv, JRS Pharma, Rosenberg, Germany) as a lubricant and hypromellose (Pharmacoat 606, Shin-Etsu Chemical, Tokyo, Japan) as a binder. Carmellose (CMC)—high viscosity carboxymethylcellulose sodium (Sigma-Aldrich, Steinheim, Germany; viscosity of a 2.0% aqueous solution 5000 mPas) and carbomer (PAA)—and Carbopol 974P NF (Lubrizol, Brussels, Belgium; viscosity of a 0.5% aqueous solution 8000 mPas) were used to prepare gel vehicles for pellets and minitablets. Applesauce (Gerber, Nestle, Poland) was used as a soft food vehicle. Milk with 3.2% fat (Laciate, Mlekpol, Poland) and apple juice (Tymbark, Maspex, Poland) were used as liquid carriers.

Kotlowska H., Szymanska M, & Sznitowska M. (2020). Comparison of Different Liquid and Semisolid Vehicles Selected for Oral Administration of Pellets and Minitablets with Diazepam: In Vitro Investigation. AAPS PharmSciTech, 21(6), 213.

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Formulation and Evaluation of Atorvastatin Calcium Tablets

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Atorvastatin calcium trihydrate (ATR) was obtained from RIA International LLC (East Hanover, NJ, USA). Neusilin^® US2 (NUS2) was gifted by Fuji Chemical Industries Co., Ltd. (Toyama, Japan). Ac-Di-Sol^® (croscarmellose sodium) was a gift sample from FMC Biopolymer (Walnut Street, PA, USA). Magnesium stearate was purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA, USA). All other solvents used were of analytical grade.

Almotairy A., Almutairi M., Althobaiti A., Alyahya M., Sarabu S., Zhang F., Bandari S., Ashour E, & Repka M.A. (2022). Investigation of hot melt extrusion process parameters on solubility and tabletability of atorvastatin calcium in presence of Neusilin® US2. Journal of drug delivery science and technology, 79, 104075.

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Pharmaceutical Formulation and Analysis

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Fresh (Mimosa, Lactogal Produtos Alimentares S.A., Porto, Portugal) and powdered (Nido®, Nestlé Portugal, Oeiras, Portugal) commercial milk were purchased from a high street market. Paracetamol was supplied by Lusifar (Lisbon, Portugal) and theophylline by Sigma-Aldrich (Munich, Germany). Sodium croscarmellose (Ac-Di-Sol^®, FMC BioPolymer, Philadelphia, USA), D-mannitol (Carlo Erba, Cornaredo, Italy) and magnesium stearate (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany) were used. Ammonium acetate (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) were of analytical grade (≥ 99% purity), and methanol and acetonitrile were of HPLC grade (Sigma-Aldrich, Munich, Germany). Ultrapure water (18.2 MΩ·cm), obtained with a Milli-Q system (Merck Millipore, Bedford, USA), was used throughout the study.

Fernandes T.A., Aguiar J.P., Fernandes A.I, & Pinto J.F. (2017). Quantification of theophylline or paracetamol in milk matrices by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis, 7(6), 401-405.

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Rapidly Disintegrating Tablet Formulation

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Mefenamic acid (SIGMA, St. Louis, MO, USA) and acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) (Lot: W004649, Glatt GmbH, Binzen, Germany) were selected as a model compound to prepare rapidly disintegrating tablets. d-mannitol (Pearlitol 25C, Roquette, Lestrem, France) and microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH-101, FMC bioPolymer, Philadelphia, PA, USA) were used as diluents, and croscarmellose sodium (Ac-Di-Sol, FMC bioPolymer, Philadelphia, PA, USA) was used as a disintegrant. Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC SL, NIPPON SODA, Tokyo, Japan) was a binder, and magnesium stearate (Peter Greven GmbH & Co, Bad Münstereifel, Germany) as a lubricant was also selected. Polycaprolactone (1639, Abifor, Zurich, Switzerland) was used for the inert 2nd layer of the triple-layer tablet. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) (Merck, Kenilworth, NJ, USA) was used as a surfactant for dissolution tests.

Yokoyama R., Kimura G., Huwyler J., Hosoya K.I, & Puchkov M. (2020). Impact of Insoluble Separation Layer Mechanical Properties on Disintegration and Dissolution Kinetics of Multilayer Tablets. Pharmaceutics, 12(6), 495.

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Synthesis of Oxygen Nanobubble Encapsulated Mitomycin-C

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ONBs were synthesized by modifying our previously published protocol^{27 ,29 (link)}. Briefly, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) hydrogel (FMC Biopolymer) an FDA-approved excipient was cross-linked while encapsulating the oxygen inside the gel using a layer-by-layer (LBL) approach^{45 (link)}. NaCMC (Ac-Di-Sol, FMC Biopolymer, Philadelphia, PA) was dissolved in nanopure water to form a 0.05% (w/v) gel and homogenized and saturated with gaseous oxygen (UHP grade) with a nanosize air nozzle (EXAIR Corporation) and a 20 nm filter (Emflon II, Pall Corporation) to help generate oxygen NBs. After sonication^{46 (link)}, 0.05% aluminum chloride (AlCl₃), a trivalent cross-linking agent which provides exquisite stability⁴⁷, was added to form the encapsulation under continuous ultrasonication and adjusted to a neutral pH. To synthesize ONB-MMC, required amounts of mitomycin-C (LKT Laboratories) was dissolved in nanopure water before initiating the ONB synthesis. The concentration and encapsulation efficiency of MMC was measured spectrophotometrically at 364 nm using a NanoDrop UV-Vis spectrophotometer (ND-1000, ThermoFisher Scientific)^{48 (link)}.

Bhandari P., Novikova G., Goergen C.J, & Irudayaraj J. (2018). Ultrasound beam steering of oxygen nanobubbles for enhanced bladder cancer therapy. Scientific Reports, 8, 3112.

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Formulation of Carbamazepine Orally Disintegrating Tablets

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CBZ was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Other excipients used in the formulation include lactose monohydrate from Foremost Farms (Middleton, WI, USA); Ac-Di-Sol^® (Grade: SD-711) from FMC Biopolymer (Philadelphia, PA, USA) and also kindly gifted from Dupont (Billingstad, Norway); Kollidon 30 from BASF (Ludwigshafen, Germany); Sucralose and D-Mannitol from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); Glycolys^® (Sodium starch glycolate) kindly gifted from Roquette (Lestrem, France). Reagents used in E-tongue testing include tartaric acid, potassium chloride (KCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH), monosodium glutamate and tannic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK), and silver chloride (AgCl) was obtained from Insent (Atsugi-shi, Japan). Hydrochloric acid (HCl) used in all experiments was obtained from Fisher Chemicals (Loughborough, UK). Acetone was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Dorset, UK).

Hu J., Fitaihi R., Abukhamees S, & Abdelhakim H.E. (2023). Formulation and Characterisation of Carbamazepine Orodispersible 3D-Printed Mini-Tablets for Paediatric Use. Pharmaceutics, 15(1), 250.

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