Spss program version 25

The SPSS program version 25 (IBM Corp, Armonk, RRID:SCR_016479) was used to analyze the data. The study variables were explained using descriptive statistics (e.g., frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and range). Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and area under the ROC curve (AUC) analysis, each marker was plotted against COVID severity with the value of state variable set as (2) indicating severe COVID infection. Logistic regression to determine the predictors, Chi square to determine the difference between DM and non-DM participants, and ANOVA tests was used to determine the difference between different degree of DM patients. P-value for our study was determined at level of (.05).

The IBM-SPSS program version 25 was used for statistical analysis. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc analysis were carried out to compare more than two groups, and if only two groups were compared, t-test independent samples were used. The findings of three independent experiments are expressed as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), and p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant [44 (link)].

SPSS program version 25 (IBM, Armonk, City, NY, USA) was used. Descriptive statistics included mean, standard deviation, median, and percentiles. Group comparisons were performed using a Mann-Whitney test. The linear correlation between two variables was measured by Pearson correlation coefficient. Linear regression model was used to predict blood vessel density by several independent parameters. A threshold of p ≤ 0.05 was set to determine significance.

After obtaining all the data, the Microsoft excel version 2018 (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA) and SPSS program version 25 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA) were used to analyze such information.
The categorical variables were described by their absolute and relative frequency and the measures of central dispersion (mean, median, confidence intervals at 95% (CI), and interquartile range (IQR)). To compare the goodness-of-fit to an average distribution of data from continuous or discrete quantitative variables, the Shapiro–Wilk test and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov were applied accordingly to the variables, and the Levene test contrasted the homoscedasticity of variances. The normalization tests indicated that the data did not follow normality (p < 0.01). For the comparison of two independent arithmetic means, the Mann–Whitney U test was used, as indicated. The chi-square U, Kendall’s tau-b, Phi and Cramer’s V, and Spearmen’s correlations tests were used accordingly. Furthermore, multivariant models, such as regressions, were used accordingly. The Cronbach’s alpha test was used for determining the reliability of the survey, showing a really good reliability of the test to measure the workers’ perception (0.85).