Cellulase

FBT was purchased from Shaanxi Jingwei Fuzhuan Brick Tea Co., Ltd. (Shaanxi Jingwei Fuzhuan Brick Tea Co., Ltd., Xianyang, China). DEAE-cellulose DEAE-52 (3 cm × 12 cm, 0.45 μm), cellulase, papain, α-glucosidase (≥700,000 U/mL), acarbos (95%), PNPD, α-amylase (50 U/mg), Sephadex G-200 (Φ20 × 600 mm), and microporous membranes were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Yuanye Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). DMEM high-glucose medium, penicillin–streptomycin, and trypsin-EDTA were obtained from Bioengineering Co., Ltd. (Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). Oil Red O staining solution and blue cell viability dye were obtained from Suolaibao Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Suolaibao Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China). Anti-β-actin, anti-SREBP-lc, anti-FAS, anti-AMPK, and anti-P-AMPK were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Cell Signaling Technology, Boston, MA, USA). All other reagents were of analytical grade and were obtained from Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Tianli Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China).

G. lemaneiformis was collected from the coast of Xiapu, Fujian, China (26°42′ N, 119°59′ E). Pectinase (500,000 U/g), glucoamylase (100,000 U/g), cellulase (50,000 U/g), xylanase (6,000,000 U/g), β-dextranase (50,000 U/g), and standard samples were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co, Ltd. (Shanghai, China). DPPH was purchased from McLean Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd., (Shanghai, China). All other chemicals were of analytical grade. The reagents and kits used in the cell experiment were purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). HFL1 cells and complete culture medium were obtained from iCell Bioscience Inc. (Shanghai, China).

Epicatechin, kaempferol, quercetin, rutin, isoquercitrin, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and gallic acid were purchased from Adamas Reagent, Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Other standard reference materials including 4-methoxysalicylic acid, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, isoferulic acid, 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid, gentiopicrin, grosvenorine, diosmin, isorhamnetin and baicalein were obtained from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). 2,4,6-tri(pyridin-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine (TPTZ), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), 4-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG) were all obtained from Adamas Reagent, Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Acetonitrile and formic acid (99.9%, HPLC grade) were obtained from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Cellulase (400 u/mg) from Trichoderma Vride G, hemiCellulase (20,000 u/g) and pectinase (500 u/mg) from Aspergillus niger were all supplied from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). All other reagents and chemicals used in this study are analytical grade.

Akebia trifoliata fruits were sourced from a local plantation in Zunyi city, Guizhou, China. Cellulase (15,000 μ/g), α-amylase (40,000 μ/g), papain (800,000 μ/g), α-glucosidase, pepsin, pancreatic lipase, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,4,6-tripyridyltriazine (TPTZ), p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (PNPG) and cholesterol were purchased from Shanghai Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China. Monosaccharide standards were obtained from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA. All other chemicals and reagents of analytical grade were obtained from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent, Shanghai, China.

Pectinase (500 U/mg); cellulase (50 U/mg), amylose (potato source), amylopectin (corn source), 2,4,6-tripyridine-s-triazine (TPTZ),α-amylase (bacillus subtilis source), and glucose determination kit (glucose oxidase method) were all purchased from Shanghai yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. Porcine pancreatic α-amylase (23 U/mg); pancreatic lipase (57 U/mg); invertase (≥300 U/mg); glucosidase (8 × USP) were all purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. (St. Louis, MO, USA).

Imject^TM Alum Adjuvant (No. 77161) was obtained from Thermo Scientific Inc. (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Ovalbumin (OVA) was obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (Saint Louis, MO, USA). BCA protein assay kit was obtained from Beyotime Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Goat anti-mouse IgE antibody and HRP-labeled donkey anti-goat IgG antibody were obtained from Abcam Inc. (Cambridge, UK). DAB peroxidase substrate kit was purchased from Solarbio Co., Ltd. (China). The HPLC-grade acetonitrile, methanol, ammonium formate and formic acid were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA, USA). Ultrapure water was collected from Millipore Milli-Q system (Bedford, MA, USA). Cellulase (400 U/mg), pectinase (500 U/mg) and papain (800 U/mg) were obtained from Yuanye Bio-Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Ultrafiltration centrifugal tube (15 mL, 10 kDa) was purchased from Millipore Inc. (Bedford, MA, USA). Other reagents were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (Saint Louis, MO, USA).