Lecithin s pc

Hydrochloric acid (HCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH), acetic acid, sodium taurocholate, lecithin S PC (phosphatidylcholine from Soybean “98%”) from Lipoid, Germany and Pancreatin from porcine sources, monosodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), sodium chloride (NaCl), chloroform, fenofibrate, and indomethacin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, Dorset UK. The active pharmaceutical ingredients aprepitant, carvedilol, felodipine, probucol, tadalafil and zafirlukast were kindly provided through OrBiTo (see Acknowledgements) by Dr. R. Holm Head of Preformulation, Lundbeck, Denmark. Itraconazole, bromocriptine, valsartan and phenytoin were purchased from Sigma, Poole, Dorset, UK. Sodium oleate was obtained from BDH Chemical Ltd. Poole England. All water used was ultrapure Milli-Q water. The analytical solvents methanol and acetonitrile were of HPLC grade (VWR, UK). Other materials used in this study included trifluoroacetic acid (Merck Schuchardt OHG, Germany) and ammonium acetate (Merck, Germany).

Sodium taurocholate (>97%), monosodium dihydrogen phosphate (100%), ammonium formate (>99.995%), formic acid (98–100%), sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium hydroxide (KOH, >85%), hydrochloric acid solution (HCl, analytical grade), acetic acid (>99.7%), cholesterol (>99%), chloroform (99.5%), fenofibrate, and chitosan (from crab shells, practical grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Poole, Dorset, UK. Lecithin S PC (phosphatidylcholine from soybean, 98%) was supplied by Lipoid, Ludwigshafen, Germany. Sodium oleate (technical grade) was obtained from BDH Chemicals Ltd., Poole, England. Monoglyceride (glyceryl mono-oleate, >92% monoester, and 88% oleic acid) was supplied by CRODA. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Plasdone TM K-12 and Plasdone TM K-29/32) were from Ashland, Singapore. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HMPC, Hypromellose) (Methocel E3 and E50 premium LV) were obtained from Colorcon Ltd., Kent, UK. Mannitol (pharmaceutical grade) was obtained from Blackburn Distributions, Nelson, UK. All water used was ultrapure Milli-Q. Methanol and acetonitrile was purchased from VWR Prolabo Chemicals, Poole, UK.

Sodium taurocholate, ammonium formate, sodium chloride (NaCl), chloroform, formic acid, monosodium phosphate (NaH₂PO₄), fenofibrate, indomethacin and phenythoin were purchased from Sigma Aldrich Poole, Dorset UK. Lecithin S PC (phosphatidylcholine from Soybean “98%”) was purchased from Lipoid. Glycerol mono oleate was obtained from CRODA Healthcare. The active pharmaceutical ingredients felodipine, probucol, aprepitant, tadalafil, carvedilol and zafirlukast were provided through OrBiTo by Dr. R. Holm Head of Preformulation, Lundbeck, Denmark. Sodium oleate was obtained from BDH Chemical Ltd. Poole England. The analytical solvents methanol and acetonitrile were of HPLC grade (VWR, UK). All water was ultra pure Milli-Q water.