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5 protocols using a21206

1

Multicolor Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol

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After blocking, slides were incubated with the following primary antibodies: CD31 (Abcam ab32457, 1:100), LGALS3 (Cedarlane CL8942AP, 1:500) or their isotype IgG controls. Each slide had at least two sections stained with primary antibody and at least one section used as an IgG control. ACTA2 was conjugated to -FITC (Sigma F3777 clone 1A4 1:500). Secondary antibodies for immunofluorescence were as follows: donkey anti-rabbit 555 (Invitrogen A21206, 1:250) and donkey anti-rat Dylight 650 (Abcam ab102263, 1:250). Nuclear counterstain was performed with DAPI (ThermoFisher Scientific D3571), and slides were mounted with Prolong Gold Antifade (Invitrogen).
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2

Multicolor Immunofluorescence Staining Protocol

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After blocking, slides were incubated with the following primary antibodies: CD31 (Abcam ab32457, 1:100), LGALS3 (Cedarlane CL8942AP, 1:500) or their isotype IgG controls. Each slide had at least two sections stained with primary antibody and at least one section used as an IgG control. ACTA2 was conjugated to -FITC (Sigma F3777 clone 1A4 1:500). Secondary antibodies for immunofluorescence were as follows: donkey anti-rabbit 555 (Invitrogen A21206, 1:250) and donkey anti-rat Dylight 650 (Abcam ab102263, 1:250). Nuclear counterstain was performed with DAPI (ThermoFisher Scientific D3571), and slides were mounted with Prolong Gold Antifade (Invitrogen).
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3

Immunostaining of Primary Mouse Cortical Neurons

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Primary mouse cortical neurons (ThermoFisher A15586) were purchased and plated onto poly-L-lysine-coated coverslips in 12-well plates containing plating medium (MEM with L-glutamine, 10% horse and fetal bovine serum, pen strep, and 25 mM glucose). Plating medium was replaced with Neurobasal medium, B-27 supplement, and GlutaMAX supplement after 24 h, and cells were fed every 3 d. At 12 days in vitro, mouse cortical neurons were washed twice with Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (D-PBS), fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature (RT), and rinsed three times with D-PBS. Neurons were permeabilized with 0.3% Triton ×100 and blocked in 5% goat serum for 1 h at RT. Cells were washed three times in D-PBS and incubated overnight at 4 °C with the primary antibody. The following primaries were used: anti-TSG101G (rabbit, Abcam ab125011, 1:50), anti-TOMM20 (mouse, Abcam ab56783, 1:100), and anti-EEA1 (mouse, Santa Cruz sc-137130, 1:100). Cells were washed and incubated with donkey Alexa-488–conjugated anti-rabbit (Abcam a21206, 1:1,000) and goat Alexa-568–conjugated anti-mouse (Abcam, ab175473, 1:1,000) secondary antibodies for 1 h at RT. Cells were washed three times with D-PBS, counterstained with Hoechst for 30 min at RT, rinsed, and mounted with Prolong Gold antifade solution.
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4

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Toxin-Induced Responses

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EGCs line (4x104 cells/well) plated on 8-chamber glass tissue culture slides in a polystyrene vessel and treated with TcdA or TcdB for 18 h were fixed in 4% PFA solution (Alfa Aesar) in PBS for 30 min at room temperature and permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100 (Sigma-Aldrich) and 3% bovine serum albumin (BSA, Sigma) in PBS for 10 min at 4°C. After blocking with 5% normal bovine serum albumin in PBS for 40 min at room temperature, the cells were incubated with anti-Panx-1 antibody (1:100, Invitrogen, 488100), anti-P2X7 antibody (1:50, Millipore, AB5246), anti-IL-6 (1:20, R&D system, AF506) or phosphorylated NFκB (1:100, Thermo Scientific, PA537718) overnight at 4°C. After three washes with washing buffer (0.01% Tween 20 in PBS), the cells were incubated for 2h with secondary antibody conjugated with Alexa Fluor 488 or 594 (1:400, Invitrogen, A21206/abcam, ab150129/abcam, ab150064) at room temperature, washed with PBS and mounted with ProLong Gold antifade reagent containing DAPI (Thermo Scientific, P36931). The samples were visualized by fluorescence microscopy (Zeiss).
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5

Visualizing Neuronal Populations in Zebrafish

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The dye injection was performed as previously described (Chen et al., 2019; van Lessen et al., 2017) . In brief, a suspension of IgG-conjugated Alexa fluor 647 (2 mg/ml, A31573, Invitrogen) was intracerebroventricularly injected using glass capillary needles.
Adult zebrafish brains were dissected, fixed in 4% PFA at 4 °C overnight, and embedded in 4% low melting point agarose, followed by 50 μm sections using VT1000S vibratome (Leica). These sections were subjected to antibody staining using the anti-DsRed (1:1000, Santa-Cruz, sc101526) and anti-Dendra2 (1:1000, Antibody-online, #ABIN361314) primary antibodies. Then, the donkey anti-rabbit IgG Alexa fluor 488-conjugated (1:1000, Invitrogen, # A21206) and donkey anti-mouse IgG Alexa fluor 568conjugated (1:1000, Abcam, # ab10037) secondary antibodies were used to label Dendra2 and DsRed, respectively.
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