Projet mjp 2500 2500 plus

Thermal debinding was done using an ashing furnace (type AAF, Carbolite/Gero, Germany). Sintering was done using a tube furnace (type STF16/450, Carbolite/Gero, Germany) at a temperature of 1300 °C and a pressure of 5 × 10⁻² mbar with a heating rate of 3 K min⁻¹. The parameters for thermal debinding and sintering can be found in Supplementary Table 1.
Fabrication of 3D-printed clamp: The designed clamp for connecting tubing to the glass chip was manufactured using a 3D printer (ProJet MJP 2500/2500 Plus, 3D systems, U.S.) from VisiJet^® M2R-CL resin.

Autodesk’s Fusion360 was used to 3D-CAD-model the fluidic cards. The core layers were 3D-printed in HT-90 resin using a high-resolution industrial 3D printer (ProJet MJP 2500/2500 Plus, 3D Systems, Rock Hill, SC, USA). Between each layer, pressure sensitive adhesive (Adhesive 300LSE, 3M, Maplewood, MN, USA) was used to stick all layers together. For the gas-permeable membrane, BreatheEasy^® sealing membranes (Z380059-1PAK, Merck, NJ, USA) were used. The fluidic card mounts were 3D-printed with ABS using Cubicon Single Plus (3DP-310F, HyVISION SYSTEM Inc., Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea). Silicon tubing of 2 mm inner diameter was used. A syringe pump (Standard Infusion Only Pump 11 Elite Syringe Pump, Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MN, USA) and deionized (DI) water with or without red food coloring (JUNGWOO IND.CO, Daegu, Republic of Korea) were used for leakage and flow tests. Photographs and video were taken with an iPhone 11 (Apple, Cupertino, CA, USA).