Caspases

Hydrogen tetrachloroaurate(III) trihydrate (HAuCl₄.3H₂O), trisodium citrate (Na₃C₆H₅O₇), propidium iodide (PI), D-glucose, 5,5-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), and MTT were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, MO, USA). DMEM, Roswell Park Memorial Institute 1640 (RPMI-1640) medium and fetal bovine serum (FBS) were obtained from Gibco (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Phorbol-12- myristate-13-acetate was obtained from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA, USA). Dihydroethidium (DHE), dihydro-rodamine 123 (DHR), 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diac-etate (CM-H₂DCFDA), and 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) were purchased from Molecular probes (Eugene, OR, USA). Neutral red was purchased from Himedia, Mumbai, India. The phosphorylated and total ERK1/2, Akt, tuberin, mTOR, H2A.X, IκBα, p65, cytochrom C, caspases, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), chk1, chk2, cyclin A, cyclin B1, cdc2, P53, β-actin and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated secondary antibodies were obtained from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA, USA). Antibodies against OGG1 and 8-OHdG were from Abcam (Cambridge, UK), whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD) was purchased from IMGENEX, Bhubaneswar, India.