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4 protocols using vanillin

1

Vanillin biodegradation by activated sludge

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Vanillin was purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China). The mixed culture was obtained from the activated sludge of a municipal wastewater treatment plant (Beijing, China), and analyzed by a MiSeq system of Majorbio (Shanghai, China).
The activated sludge was washed three times with phosphate buffer solution (PBS) to remove EPSs and organic matters in the sludge solution, and resuspended in synthetic wastewater to prepare a mixed bacterial suspension (100 mg VSS/L) (approximately 10 8 CFU/mL). The synthetic wastewater contains (mg/L): chemical oxygen demand (COD, calculated as glucose) 825; NH4Cl 192; KH2PO4 35.1; NaCl 100; MgSO4 100; CaCl2 10; pH = 6.5-7.5.
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2

Detailed Reagent Procurement Protocol

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Vanillin was purchased Shanghai Sangon Biological Engineering Technology (Shanghai, China). o-Toluidine and N, N-dimethylformamide were purchased from Shanghai Aladdin Bio-Chem Technology Co., LTD (Shanghai, China). Sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate and Tris were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Glycine was purchased from GenStar Biosolutions Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Citric acid, disodium hydrogen, HCl, NaOH, Na2HPO4 and acetic acid were purchased from Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory (Guangzhou, China). Acetonitrile was purchased from Tianjin Damao Chemical Reagent Factory (Tianjin, China). n-Hexane was purchased from Chengdu Kelong Chemical Reagent Factory (Chengdu, China). Other chemicals were purchased from standard commercial sources and were of analytical grade purity.
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3

Preparation of Analytical Reagents

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Citric acid, NaOH, vanillin, d-(−)-salicin and glutathione were purchased from Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China) Co., Ltd. Glucose and glycine were obtained from Sinopharm Group Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Sucrose was purchased from Shanghai Chemical Reagents Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate (NaH2PO4·2H2O), disodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Na2HPO4·12H2O) and potassium hydrogen phosphate (K2HPO4·3H2O) were bought from Tianjin Kemeiou Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd (Tianjin, China). Ascorbic acid was obtained from Shanghai Tri-Four Hewei Chemical Co., Ltd (Shanghai, China). Quinine sulfate was obtained from Tianjin Heowns Biochem Co., Ltd (Tianjin, China). All chemicals were of analytical grade and the water was distilled and passed through a Millipore Q purification system (Millipore Corporation).
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4

Construction of Z. mobilis Recombinants

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Zymomonas mobilis ZM4 (ATCC 31821) was purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA, USA). Shuttle vector pHW20a was used for construction of Z. mobilis recombinants [15 (link)]. Yeast extract was purchased from Oxoid (Hampshire, UK). Tetracycline (Tc) and nalidixic acid were from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA. 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, syringaldehyde, and vanillin were from Sangon Biotech Co., Shanghai, China. All other analytical grade chemicals were from Sinopharm Chemical Reagents, Shanghai, China.
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