Pm160t

The dogs were administered with 0.2-0.3 mg/kg of diazepam intravenously (IV) and 0.3-0.5 mg/kg of morphine sulfate intramuscularly. The surgical site was clipped and the tissue thickness was measured in each dog using ultrasonography (Logic^® S7, GE, USA) with a frequency of 10 MHz and a broad-spectrum linear probe (9L-D) by the same operator. A cephalic IV catheter was placed, and lactated Ringer’s solution was given at 10 ml/kg/h. Each dog was anesthetized using thiopental sodium 10 mg/kg IV and maintained with isoflurane 1-2% in pure oxygen.
The 830 nm diode LILT (Class 3B laser: BTL 5000 series, BTL Industries Ltd., UK) was set at a power of 200 mW as in the previous studies [22 (link),23 (link)]. The radiant exposure was set at 4 J/cm² which has been recommended for the treatment of inflammation, wounds, and superficial pain [24 ]. Both CW and PW modes with frequency of 50 Hz were irradiated for 60 s over the power meter without tissue (air) as the control and with tissues (skin-muscle tissue and skin) (Figures-1 and 2). The power meter (PM160T, Thorlabs^®, USA) was used to measure the laser power density, which was represented by MOP. The laser probe was held above the tissue surface at different distances at 0 (contact), 1, and 5 cm tissue-laser probe distances. The MOPs were recorded at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 s using Thorlabs power meter software (Figure-3a and b).

Before the temperature measurement, the emissivity of each sample was measured. A black tape (HB-250, OPTEX Co., Ltd., Shiga, Japan) with a known emissivity of 0.95 was used as a reference for the emissivity measurement. The paper and the black tape were heated to 50 °C by a temperature controller (SBX-303, Sakaguchi E.H VOC Corp., Tokyo, Japan). Then, a digital thermometer (MT-309, MotherTool Co. Ltd., Ueda, Japan) with a thermal couple sensor (TP-11, MotherTool Co. Ltd., Ueda, Japan) was used to ensure that both the paper and the black tape achieved the same temperature. By adjusting the temperature of the paper measured with an infrared thermal camera (FLIR ETS320, FLIR Systems. Inc., Wilsonville, USA), according to the reference temperature of the black tape, the emissivity of the paper was measured. In the temperature measurement, a solar simulator (AM1.5G, wavelength: 350–1800 nm, HAL-320W, Asahi Spectra Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used as the light source. The power intensity was measured by a thermal sensor power meter (PM160T, Thorlabs, Inc., New Jersey, USA). The samples were placed on an acrylic plate, which had a hole (Φ 70 mm) in the middle. After emissivity calibration of each sample, the surface temperature changes of the samples during illumination of solar simulator were recorded by the infrared thermal camera.