Grass s88 stimulator

Manufactured by Natus

Sourced in United States

The Grass S88 stimulator is a laboratory equipment device designed for electrical stimulation applications. It generates electrical pulses and signals for various research and experimental purposes.

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42 protocols using grass s88 stimulator

Electrophysiological Recording of Larval Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction

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Wandering, third-instar larvae were collected from the sides of their culture vials and then placed immediately onto a dissecting dish containing a modified hemolymph-like (HL3.1) Drosophila saline (pH 7.15)[29 (link)]. Intracellular recordings were obtained with sharp microelectrodes, pulled from thin-wall monofilament glass (WPI) using a Flaming-Brown microelectrode puller (P-97, Sutter Instrument), and filled with 3M KCl. Recordings of compound EJPs were made from longitudinal body wall muscles 6/7 within abdominal segments 3, 4, and 5. Potentials were recorded with an AxoClamp 2B (Molecular Devices) using custom DAQ routines composed in Matlab (Mathworks). Synaptic potentials were elicited by stimulating segmental motor neurons via a glass suction electrode, a Grass S88 stimulator, and a stimulus isolation unit (Grass Technologies, West Warwick, RI). Single impulses were generated at 0.2 Hz, 330 μs pulse duration, and ~120% of the voltage needed to attain maximal compound EJP amplitude.

Scarpelli E.M., Trinh V.Y., Tashnim Z., Krans J.L., Keller L.C, & Colodner K.J. (2019). Developmental expression of human tau in Drosophila melanogaster glial cells induces motor deficits and disrupts maintenance of PNS axonal integrity, without affecting synapse formation. PLoS ONE, 14(12), e0226380.

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Isometric Diaphragm Contractility Measurement

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Isometric diaphragm contractility was assessed as described previously (Tupling et al. 2007 (link)). Following the 10-day BSO treatment period, animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of 0.65 mg/kg pentobarbital sodium. Strips of costal diaphragm were trimmed from the central tendon to ribcage and mounted vertically in a Radnoti-jacketed muscle bath containing oxygenated (95% O₂, 5% CO₂) Krebs solution (in mmol/L: 118 NaCl, 25 NaHCO₃, 11 glucose, 1.2 KHPO₄, 1.9 CaCl₂, and 1.2 MgSO₄; pH 7.4) at 33°C between a plexiglass clamp and a dual mode servomotor (Cambridge Technologies, model 300H Dual Mode Servo) used to measure force. After 30 min of incubation, muscle length (L_o) was adjusted to obtain maximal isometric twitch force. Supramaximal stimulation was applied by a Grass S88 stimulator (Grass Instruments) via closely flanking platinum wire electrodes with pulse duration 0.2 msec. Force data were collected online using a 640-A signal interface (Aurora Scientific) connected to a National Instruments 16-bit analog-to-digital card, and analyzed using Dynamic Muscle Control and Data Acquisition (DMC) and Dynamic Muscle Analysis (DMA) Software (Aurora Scientific).

Smith I.C., Vigna C., Levy A.S., Denniss S.G., Rush J.W, & Tupling A.R. (2015). The effects of buthionine sulfoximine treatment on diaphragm contractility and SERCA pump function in adult and middle aged rats. Physiological Reports, 3(9), e12547.

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Sciatic Nerve Stimulation in Rats

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Acute experiments were conducted on six adult rats (Sprague-Dawley), weighing 400 grams to 450 grams under institutional approval. Animals were anaesthetized with inhaled Isoflurane to effect. Three short incisions were made on the lateral aspect of one thigh. The proximal incision was used to place a bipolar electrode around the sciatic nerve for proximal test stimulation. This electrode was attached to a Grass S88 stimulator (Grass Technologies, West Warwick, RI, USA) with a current controlled output to elicit maximally evoked muscle twitches. Proximal test stimulation was delivered at 1Hz, 20uS, and 0.40-1mA. The central incision exposed the sciatic nerve over a very short length, proximal to the branching of the common peroneal and tibial nerves, and was used to apply the CSINE tube electrode.
The return electrode for the CSINE was a 19-gauge stainless steel hypodermic needle inserted subcutaneously adjacent to the biceps femoris muscle. This location is sufficiently remote to have a negligible effect on the nerve. Also, there is considerable tissue between the needle and the nerve. This needle was attached to the return of the Keithley current generator. The distal incision exposed the Achilles tendon, which was cut and attached to a force transducer (Entran, Fairfield, NJ; resolution 0.005 N) which was used to measure twitches resulting from the proximal stimulation.

Vrabec T.L., Wainright J.S., Bhadra N., Shaw L., Kilgore K.L, & Bhadra N. (2019). A Carbon Slurry Separated Interface Nerve Electrode (CSINE) for Electrical Block of Nerve Conduction. IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering : a publication of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 27(5), 836-845.

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Electrical Stimulation of Rat Acupuncture Point

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The electrical stimulation was modified by lab protocol [17 (link), 33 (link)]. In brief, the rats were put into a transparent cylinder holder and were stably anaesthetized with 0.75% isoflurane in pure oxygen by a breathing circuit. EA was delivered through one pair of stainless steel needles (36 G, 0.22 mm in diameter) inserted at the right Zusanli acupoint (ST36) and another reference point 5 mm at right anterior tibial muscle along meridian. A constant current with square-wave pulses of 0.5 ms pulse width and 4 Hz was generated by a Grass S 88 stimulator and two Grass constant current units (Grass, West Warwick, RI, USA). The final stimulation intensity was escalated in a stepwise fashion to 10 times muscle twitch intensity, usually about 4-5 mA, for totally 30 min. Characteristic rhythmic dorsiflexion of the stimulated hind foot was always seen. In the sham-EA group, rats were inserted with needles without electrical stimulation. All rats recovered to a freely moving status within 5 min after anesthesia, indicating anesthetic effect was minimal. Our previous study also demonstrated that this procedure did not change baseline thresholds [17 (link)].

Zeng Y.J., Tsai S.Y., Chen K.B., Hsu S.F., Chen J.Y, & Wen Y.R. (2014). Comparison of Electroacupuncture and Morphine-Mediated Analgesic Patterns in a Plantar Incision-Induced Pain Model. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2014, 659343.

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Sural Nerve Stimulation for H-Reflex Facilitation

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Stimulation of the sural nerve was evoked using surface electrodes placed 1–2 cm posterior-inferior to the lateral malleolus of the fibula of the right leg. Similar to previous studies (Dragert and Zehr 2011 (link), 2013 (link); Loadman and Zehr 2007 (link); Pearcey et al. 2017 (link); Zehr et al. 2012 (link)) a Grass S88 stimulator with SIU5 stimulus isolation and a CCU1 constant current unit (Astro-Med Grass Instrument, West Warwick, RI, USA) was used to deliver stimuli with a single 15 ms duration train consisting of 5 × 1.0 ms square pulses at 300 Hz (P511 Astro-Med Grass Instrument). Perceptual and radiating thresholds (RT) were determined as the minimal stimulation intensity to produce a perceptible sensation and the point at which a stimulus produced radiating paresthesia in the entire cutaneous receptive field (lateral border and heel). Non-noxious intensities (2 × RT) were found for each participant. The cutaneous conditioning was delivered at 100 ms prior to the tibial nerve stimulation for the H-reflex, because this time point was determined to be optimal for reflex facilitation (Frigon et al. 2004 (link)).

Noble S., Pearcey G.E., Quartly C, & Zehr E.P. (2019). Robot controlled, continuous passive movement of the ankle reduces spinal cord excitability in participants with spasticity: a pilot study. Experimental Brain Research, 237(12), 3207-3220.

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Smooth Muscle Contractility Measurements

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Contractions of smooth muscle strips were recorded in human ileum and sigmoid colon in situ, according to a previous method [33 (link)] with minor modifications. After removing the mucosal and submucosal layer of ileum and sigmoid colon, muscle layer was cut into strips of 5–6 mm in length and 2–3 mm in width. The muscle strips were mounted to an isometric force transducer (Biopac Systems, Inc., Goleta, CA, USA) and suspended in 10 mL organ bath containing aerated (97% O₂ and 3% CO₂) and warmed (36.5 ± 0.5 °C) KRB solution. The muscle strips were stabilized for 60 min without a force and equilibrated for 60 min after stretching the strips to 1 mN, in the presence of L-NNA (100 μM) and MRS 2500 (1 μM) to eliminate inhibitory responses. Electrical field stimulation (EFS; 10 Hz, 10 s, 100 V, 0.3 ms pulse) was applied to evoke neural response using a Grass S88 stimulator (Grass instruments, Warwick, RI, USA).

Sung T.S., Ryoo S.B., Lee C.H., Choi S.M., Nam J.W., Kim H.B., Lee J.Y., Lim J.D., Park K.J, & Lee H.T. (2023). Prokinetic Activity of Mulberry Fruit, Morus alba L.. Nutrients, 15(8), 1889.

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Chick Biventer Cervicis Nerve-Muscle Assay

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Male chicks (4–10 days) were euthanised by CO₂ and exsanguination. Both chick biventer cervicis nerve muscle preparations were isolated and mounted on wire tissue holders under 1 g resting tension in 5 mL organ baths containing physiological salt solution (NaCl, 118.4 mM; KCl, 4.7 mM; MgSO₄, 1.2 mM; KH2PO₄, 1.2 mM; CaCl₂, 2.5 mM; NaHCO₃, and 25 mM glucose, 11.1 mM), maintained at 34 °C and bubbled with 95% O₂/5% CO₂. Indirect twitches were evoked by electrical stimulation of the motor nerve (supramaximal voltage, 0.2 ms, 0.1 Hz) using a Grass S88 stimulator (Grass Instruments, Quincy, MA, USA). d-Tubocurarine (10 μM) was added, and subsequent abolition of twitches confirmed selective stimulation of the motor nerve, after which thorough washing with physiological salt solution was applied to re-establish twitches. The preparation was equilibrated for 30 min before the addition of venom, which was left in contact with the preparation for a maximum of 3 h to test for slow developing effects. Efficacy of tetrodotoxin (TTX; 0.1 μM) was assessed via a 10 min pre-incubation in the organ bath.

Yang D.C., Deuis J.R., Dashevsky D., Dobson J., Jackson T.N., Brust A., Xie B., Koludarov I., Debono J., Hendrikx I., Hodgson W.C., Josh P., Nouwens A., Baillie G.J., Bruxner T.J., Alewood P.F., Lim K.K., Frank N., Vetter I, & Fry B.G. (2016). The Snake with the Scorpion’s Sting: Novel Three-Finger Toxin Sodium Channel Activators from the Venom of the Long-Glanded Blue Coral Snake (Calliophis bivirgatus). Toxins, 8(10), 303.

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Intracellular Electrophysiology of Drosophila Larval Muscles

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Two-electrode voltage clamp recordings were obtained at room temperature from muscle 6 of segments A3 or A4. Third instar larval fillet dissections were performed on Sylgard-coated cover slips in Drosophila standard saline (135 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 4 mM MgCl₂, 1.8 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM TES, 72 mM sucrose). Muscles were clamped at −60 mV using an Axoclamp 900A amplifier (Molecular Devices). Electrodes filled with 3M KCl that had resistances of 10–20 MΩ were used for intracellular recordings. A 1 Hz stimulus of 10 V was delivered to segmental nerves using an electrode filled with bath saline connected to a Grass S88 stimulator and SIU5 isolation unit (Grass Technologies). Electrophysiological recordings were digitized with a Digidata 1443 digitizer (Molecular Devices) and analyzed using PClamp software (v. 10.4). 180 s of minis per larva were used for analysis. Quantal content was calculated by dividing the eEJC area (nA*ms) by the mEJC area (nA*ms). Intracellular recordings of excitatory junction potentials were also conducted as previously described [39] (link).

Ghosh R., Vegesna S., Safi R., Bao H., Zhang B., Marenda D.R, & Liebl F.L. (2014). Kismet Positively Regulates Glutamate Receptor Localization and Synaptic Transmission at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e113494.

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Vagus Nerve Stimulation in Infarcted Heart

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Bipolar helical electrodes (Cyberonics Inc., Houston, TX) were connected to a Grass S88 stimulator (Grass Technologies, Warwick, RI) for stimulation, Figure 1A, and used for right and left vagus stimulation. The current required to decrease HR by 10% (10 Hz, 1 ms) was determined as the threshold current for each side.^{16 (link)} Intermittent bilateral VNS was performed (10-seconds on, 15-seconds off) at 1.2 times threshold current before and after CSD, with and without isoproterenol infusion. In between stimulations, 20-minute period was allowed between stimulations. To mimic a high adrenergic state, isoproterenol (intravenous bolus: 0.005 mcg/kg, then infusion of 0.005 mcg/kg/min, goal HR increase >20%), was infused till tachycardia stabilized before and after bilateral CSD. VNS was repeated during isoproterenol infusion. A minimum of 20 minutes was allowed after isoproterenol bolus and infusion before VNS was performed, to achieve a steady HR. VT inducibility was tested after CSD during isoproterenol infusion with and without VNS in infarcted animals. Timeline of the experimental protocol is shown in Figure 1B.

Yamaguchi N., Yamakawa K., Rajendran P.S., Takamiya T, & Vaseghi M. (2018). Anti-Arrhythmic Effects of Vagal Nerve Stimulation After Cardiac Sympathetic Denervation in the Setting of Chronic Myocardial Infarction. Heart rhythm, 15(8), 1214-1222.

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Electrical Stimulation of Skeletal Muscle

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The effect of field electrical stimulation was analyzed by comparing adult skeletal muscle fibers isolated from the same animal, cultured at 37°C in a 100% humid air atmosphere containing 5% CO₂ in the absence (control) and the presence of electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation was delivered to muscle fibers using a Grass S88 stimulator (Grass Instruments). The stimulator was connected to a device constituted by a 6-well plate with two connection cards associated with two parallel platinum–iridium electrodes (0.2 mm in diameter) in each well, placed 2 cm apart and positioned 1–2 mm over the cells. Field electrical stimulation was performed daily, for 5 h, and started from 24 h after dissociation. Capacitors in series with the electrodes allowed the delivery of biphasic single pulses of 1 ms width at a frequency of 1 Hz. The medium was renewed every 3 d.

Volpe P., Bosutti A., Nori A., Filadi R., Gherardi G., Trautmann G., Furlan S., Massaria G., Sciancalepore M., Megighian A., Caccin P., Bernareggi A., Salanova M., Sacchetto R., Sandonà D., Pizzo P, & Lorenzon P. (2022). Nerve-dependent distribution of subsynaptic type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor at the neuromuscular junction. The Journal of General Physiology, 154(11), e202213128.

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