Anhydrous ethanol

Manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific

Sourced in United States, China

Anhydrous ethanol is a pure, water-free form of ethanol. It is a clear, colorless liquid chemical compound with the molecular formula C2H6O. Anhydrous ethanol is commonly used in laboratory settings as a solvent, reagent, and disinfectant.

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Ethanol (755 citations)

24 protocols using anhydrous ethanol

Zirconia-Silica Core-Shell Nanoparticles

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Anhydrous ethanol (99.5%) was purchased from Acros, demineralized water (ASC reagent), eicosanoic acid (99.0%), and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC, average M_w ∼ 80 000, M_n = 10 000, 99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, and zirconium(iv) n-propoxide (70% in n-propanol) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. These chemicals were used for the synthesis of zirconia cores. Denatured ethanol (96%) from Grüssing was used for purification.
Anhydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF, ≥99.7%) was purchased from VWR, Anhydrous ethanol (99.5%) from Acros, demineralized water (ASC reagent) from Sigma-Aldrich, ammonium hydroxide solution (28% NH₃ in H₂O) from VWR, and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 99%) from Alfa Aesar. These chemicals were used for growing silica shells on zirconia cores. Demineralized water (Millipore Simplicity System, 18.2 MΩ cm) and denatured ethanol (96%) from Grüssing were used for purification.

Finsel M., Hemme M., Döring S., Rüter J.S., Dahl G.T., Krekeler T., Kornowski A., Ritter M., Weller H, & Vossmeyer T. (2019). Synthesis and thermal stability of ZrO2@SiO2 core–shell submicron particles. RSC Advances, 9(46), 26902-26914.

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Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Characterization

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Human mesenchymal stem cells and MSCGM bullet kit were purchased from Lonza (Walkersville, MD, USA). MesenPRO RS medium kit, Glutamax, and antibiotic−antimycotic were obtained from Gibco (Carlsbad, CA, USA). Sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton-X 100, Collagenase type II, and penicillin−streptomycin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Paraffin wax (type 9), HistoPrep SH75–125D tissue embedding media, absolute ethanol (200 proof), anhydrous ethanol (histological grade), and xylenes were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Florence, KY, USA). Paraformaldehyde (4% w/v aqueous solution) was purchased from Affymetrix (Cleveland, OH, USA). Live/dead viability/cytotoxicity kit, Hoechst 33342, CellTracker CM-Dil, and CellTracker green CMFDA (5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate) were obtained from Molecular Probes (Eugene, OR, USA). VECTASHIELD mounting medium with DAPI was purchased from Vector Laboratories Inc. (Burlingame, CA, USA). VE cadherin (H-72) antibody and von Willebrand factor (H-300) antibody were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). All other primary and secondary antibodies were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). All materials were used as received from the manufacturer.

KC P., Shah M., Liao J, & Zhang G. (2017). Prevascularization of Decellularized Porcine Myocardial Slice for Cardiac Tissue Engineering. ACS applied materials & interfaces, 9(3), 2196-2204.

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Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

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Gold chloride trihydrate (HAuCl₄·3H₂O), sodium citrate tribasic dihydrate (Na₃Citrate·2H₂O), 4-Mercaptobenzoic acid (4-MBA), and phosphate buffer (PB) solution were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Thiolated poly(ethylene glycol) (HS-PEG; 5 kD) was purchased from Nanocs. Anhydrous ethanol was purchased from Fisher Scientific.

Wei H., Willner M.R., Marr L.C, & Vikesland P.J. (2016). Highly Stable SERS pH Nanoprobes Produced by Co-Solvent Controlled AuNP Aggregation. The Analyst, 141(17), 5159-5169.

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Synthesis and Characterization of Fluorescent Silica-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

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All chemicals used were of Analytical Reagent grade and all solvents were of HPLC grade. Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) and ammonium hydroxide were obtained from J.T. Baker, NJ, USA. Water for irrigation (WFI) was obtained from Baxter Healthcare Corp, IL, USA. Methanol, anhydrous ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, Triton X-100, and sodium hydroxide were obtained from Fisher Scientific, NJ, USA. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich, MO, USA. FeCl₃ anhydrous (98%) was obtained from Alfa Aesar, MA, USA. FeCl₂-4H₂O and citric acid monohydrate (CA) were obtained from Acros Organics, USA. OVA and AF488 OVA were purchased from Invitrogen by ThermoFisher Scientific, OK, USA.

Abdelwahab W.M., Riffey A., Buhl C., Johnson C., Ryter K., Evans J.T, & Burkhart D.J. (2020). Co-Adsorption of Synthetic Mincle Agonists and Antigen to Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Vaccine Activity: A Formulation Approach to Co-Delivery. International journal of pharmaceutics, 593, 120119.

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Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Coatings

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BioPlus-L™ Crystals, a kind of lignin-coated cellulose nanocrystals (L-CNC) (brown powder, lignin content ~3–6 wt %, 4.3% moisture) were purchased from American Process Inc., Atlanta, GA, USA, and dried in an oven for two hours under 110 °C before use. The quick-setting epoxy (25 mL, two-component, clear, cures in an hour) was purchased from the J-B Weld company, Sulphur Springs, TX, USA. The double-sided tape (2’’ × 20 m, long-term hold, Hongxin Lattice) was purchased from Amazon, Seattle, WA, USA. Toluene (99.8%, extra dry, anhydrous) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane (PFTS, CF₃(CF₂)₅(CH₂)₂SiCl₃, 97%) as a low energy reagent and anhydrous ethanol (200 proof) were purchased from Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA USA. Glass slides (7.5 × 2.5 cm) were used as substrates and were washed for 5 min using distilled water in an ultrasonic cleaning machine and dried before use.

Huang J., Wang S, & Lyu S. (2017). Facile Preparation of a Robust and Durable Superhydrophobic Coating Using Biodegradable Lignin-Coated Cellulose Nanocrystal Particles. Materials, 10(9), 1080.

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Synthesis of Colloidal Nanocrystals

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Tri-n-octylphosphine (TOP, 97%), selenium pellets (99.99%), 1 M diethyl zinc solution in hexanes, zinc stearate (ZnSt₂, purum, 10–12% Zn basis), hydrogen peroxide solution (H₂O₂, ≥30%, for trace analysis), and oleylamine (OLA, 70%, tech grade) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. 1-Octadecene (ODE, ≥90%, technical grade) was purchased from Alfa Aesar. Anhydrous ethanol, hexanes, and nitric acid (HNO₃, trace metal grade) were purchased from Fisher Scientific. Capillary wax and a hot wax pen for sealing quartz capillaries used in SAXS measurements were purchased from Hampton Research. Single-element selenium (10 000 μg/mL in 10% HNO₃) and zinc (10 000 μg/mL in 4% HNO₃) standard solutions were purchased from High-Purity Standards. (Warning: Et₂Zn is pyrophoric, extremely reactive, and should be handled with extreme caution. Appropriate safety practices for the use of oxidizers (H₂O₂) and strong acids (HNO₃) should be observed. The safest order for the combination of HNO₃ and H₂O₂ is the addition of HNO₃ to H₂O₂.)

Toufanian R., Zhong X., Kays J.C., Saeboe A.M, & Dennis A.M. (2021). Correlating ZnSe Quantum Dot Absorption with Particle Size and Concentration. Chemistry of materials : a publication of the American Chemical Society, 33(18), 7527-7536.

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Synthesis of Silica-Based Nanocomposites

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Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO₄·7H₂O) and ferric chloride hexahydrate (FeCl₃·6H₂O) were purchased from Mallinckrodt Baker, Lnc. (Phillipsburg, NJ). N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and hydrochloric acid were purchased from VWR International (Radnor, PA). Toluene and concentrated ammonium hydroxide were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Ward Hill, MA). Tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) (98%) and (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) (99%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. (St. Louis, MO). Disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate were purchased from J. T. Baker Inc. (Center Valley, PA). Luria-Bertani (LB) broth medium, sodium sulfate and anhydrous ethanol were purchased from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, PA). All chemicals were analytical grade. Water used in the present study was deionized water (di-water) with a resistivity higher than 18 MΩ cm (Millipore SUPER-Q, Darmstadt, Germany).

Guan Y., Tsao C.Y., Quan D.N., Li Y., Mei L., Song Y., Zhang B., Liu Y., Payne G.F., Bentley W.E, & Wang Q. (2018). Focusing quorum sensing signaling by nano-magnetic assembly. Environmental microbiology, 20(7), 2585-2597.

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Characterization of Waste Cooking Oils

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Food
grade RSO was purchased
from a local grocery store and used without further purification.
RSO was selected as the model sample for this study as it is well-characterized
and produced in large volumes in the UK and Europe for biodiesel production.
In addition, two samples of WCOs from a pub and cafeteria, respectively
within Aston University, were obtained and used without further treatment.
The pub (using mixed rapeseed, sunflower, and palm oil) WCO sample
is designated as WCO-A, and the one from the cafeteria (using mostly
RSO) is WCO-B in this present study. Deionized water was produced
and used in-house from a Milli-Q Advantage A10 Water Purification
System. Oleic acid (model fatty acid compound) and glycerol, both
of which are products of hydrolysis of triglycerides, were purchased
from Fisher Scientific, Leicester, UK for characterization. Solvents
and reagents including dichloromethane (DCM) (+99%), anhydrous ethanol
(+99%), anhydrous methanol (+99%), sodium hydroxide pellets (+98%),
anhydrous sodium sulfate, sulfuric acid (+98%), petroleum ether, and
phenolphthalein indicator (97%) were also purchased from Fisher Scientific.
In addition, 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) standard solution was prepared
from concentrated (37%) HCl purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, UK.

Peters M.A., Alves C.T., Wang J, & Onwudili J.A. (2022). Subcritical Water Hydrolysis of Fresh and Waste Cooking Oils to Fatty Acids Followed by Esterification to Fatty Acid Methyl Esters: Detailed Characterization of Feedstocks and Products. ACS Omega, 7(50), 46870-46883.

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Synthesis of Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles

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P123 template (analytically pure) was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. ( St. Louis, MO, USA) (3-Mercaptopropyl) trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) (industrial grade) was purchased from Nanjing Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. (NanJing, China), Anhydrous toluene and ethyl acetate (analytically pure) were purchased from Tianjin BASF Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China), Dichloromethane (analytically pure) was purchased from Tianjin Fuyu Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. (Tianjin, China), Hydrochloric acid (37%) and anhydrous ethanol (100%) were obtained from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Distilled water was obtained from the laboratory, homemade. All reagents were used as received without further purification.

Lin D., Huang Y., Yang Y., Long X., Qin W., Chen H., Zhang Q., Wu Z., Li S., Wu D., Hu L, & Zhang X. (2018). Preparation and Characterization of Highly Ordered Mercapto-Modified Bridged Silsesquioxane for Removing Ammonia-Nitrogen from Water. Polymers, 10(8), 819.

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Implant Decontamination and Surface Evaluation

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All the implant specimens were subjected to autoclave sterilization post-surgery. Upon receiving, the specimens underwent a general evaluation for assessment of implant conditions and gross features present on the surface. Initial observations were recorded per implant component. After this initial inspection, all the implants were cleaned using soap water and ethanol for removal of remaining debris. For the cleaning, all implants were first submerged in anhydrous ethanol (Fisher scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) for 48 h. Following submersion, the implants were rinsed with deionized water and set to dry. Two of the implants were subjected to additional cleaning because of the presence of accumulated biological matter adhered on their surfaces. This additional cleaning step was performed in an ultrasonic bath (Bransonic Series CPX3800H, Danbury, CT, USA) with the samples immersed for 1 h in neutral soap solution. The specimens were then dried by hand and were finally subjected to a final ultrasonic cleaning step in ethanol. The cleaning was effective in removing biological materials and loose particulate deposited on the surface, better revealing surface features resulting from any potential corrosive or mechanical processes.

Burbano M., Russell R., Huo M., Welch R., Roy D, & Rodrigues D.C. (2014). Surface Characterization of Retrieved Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Implants from Patients with Adverse Reaction to Metal Debris. Materials, 7(3), 1866-1879.

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