The thermal behavior analysis of each material (10 mg) was carried out in a TGA 7 Perkin Elmer Thermogravimetric Analyzer in the temperature range of 40–600 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min and nitrogen flow of 100 mL/min in a nitrogen environment. The thermograms were recorded in triplicate, and the results reported are the average of the three measurements.
Thermogravimetric analyzer
Manufactured by PerkinElmer
Sourced in United States
A thermogravimetric analyzer is an analytical instrument used to measure the change in the mass of a sample as a function of temperature or time in a controlled atmosphere. It provides information about physical and chemical changes that involve endothermic or exothermic processes or changes in mass.
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Lab products found in correlation
Model d max rc x ray diffractometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (3 mentions)
Pyris 1 tga, by PerkinElmer (2 mentions)
Escalab 250 spectrometer, by Thermo Fisher Scientific (2 mentions)
Ftir spectrometer, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
X pert pro multipurpose diffractometer, by Malvern Panalytical (1 mentions)
Uv 1800 spectrometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Spectrum 1000 ft ir spectrometer, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Prestige 21, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
Lambda 45 spectrophotometer, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Model 682, by Ametek (1 mentions)
Asap 2050 system, by Micromeritics (1 mentions)
S 4800 scanning electron microscope, by Hitachi (1 mentions)
Sdt q600 analyzer, by TA Instruments (1 mentions)
Spectraa 280 fs, by Agilent Technologies (1 mentions)
Sw23 shaker bath, by Julabo (1 mentions)
Pyris 1, by PerkinElmer (1 mentions)
Q tof micro ya263 high resolution, by Waters Corporation (1 mentions)
Supra 55vp field emission scanning electron microscope, by Zeiss (1 mentions)
Raman spectrometer, by Horiba (1 mentions)
8201 pc spectrophotometer, by Shimadzu (1 mentions)
24 protocols using thermogravimetric analyzer
1
Thermal Behavior Analysis of Materials
2
Characterization of Synthesized Material
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Surface area and pore size distribution of the synthesized material were measured by using nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherm (Quantochrome analyzer at 77 K), which were calculated by using Braunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and the non-local density functional theory (NLDFT) methods, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectra were recorded by Perkin-Elmer FT-IR spectrometer. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, Perkin-Elmer thermogravimetric analyzer) was carried out to check the thermal stability of the material at a heating rate of 10 °C min−1 in a temperature range of 30–800 °C under air atmosphere. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns were measured in 2θ range of 5–90° at a scanning speed of 5° min−1 in room temperature by using a Panalytical X’pert pro multipurpose diffractometer having a Cu Kα radiation. SEM images were recorded with high resolution scanning electron microscope (TESCAN-LMU SEM). Iodine solution concentrations were measured using a UV–Vis spectrometer (Shimadzu UV-1800 spectrometer) coupled with a quartz cuvette.
3
Comprehensive Analytical Characterization of Compounds
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All chemicals and solvents were purchased from Sigma and used without any further purification. TLC was performed to evaluate the purity of the as-synthesized compounds when needed. Elemental analysis was carried out on an Elementar-Vario EL analyzer. TG/DTG curves were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer thermogravimetric analyzer. FT-IR spectroscopy was recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Spectrum 1000 FT-IR spectrometer. UV-Vis spectroscopy was recorded on a TU-1901double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer. All electrochemical experiments were carried out at room temperature under an argon atmosphere using a three-electrode cell Voltalab 80 potentio-state PGZ402 equipped with a Pt-electrode (Metrohm, A = 0.0064 cm2) used as the working electrode and platinum wire spiral (£1 mm) with a diameter of 7 mm used as the counter electrode.
4
Characterization of Coated Fe3O4 Nanoparticles
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FT-IR spectra (Shimadzu prestige-21) were used to determine the identity of the as prepared nanoparticles and to characterize the coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles. X-ray powder diffraction measurements were performed using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) (Perkin Elmer) at ambient temperature. The surface morphology of the silica-supported ligands was identified with a scanning electron microscope (LECO SEM, Michigan, USA). Magnetic measurements were performed by means of the vibrating sample magnetometery method, using a VSM 7407 magnetometer, at room temperature. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a Perkin Elmer thermogravimetric analyzer. UV–Visible spectra in the 200–1000 nm range were obtained in DMF solvent on a Perkin Elmer Lambda 45 spectrophotometer. A Jenway model 4510 pH-meter was used for pH measurements by use of a combined electrode. An ultrasonication probe (Karl Deutsch, Germany) was used to disperse the nanoparticles in the solution.
5
Thermogravimetric Analysis of Material Decomposition
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The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements were performed by a PerkinElmer Thermogravimetric analyzer Pyris 1 TGA at 10 °C/min in the nitrogen atmosphere. Samples (approx. 5 mg) were weighed in a hanging aluminum pan and the weight loss percentage of the samples was monitored from 25 to 500 °C. In order to compare the TGA profiles of various samples, the raw data of TGA were re-drawn.
6
Characterization of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
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The structure of MWNTs was examined
by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) using an FEI Quanta FEG 250 SEM from FEI Co. (Hillsboro, OR,
USA). The equipment was operated at ∼20 keV. Prior to imaging,
the sample surface was coated with <50 nm layer of gold and palladium
using a GATAN model 682 precision etching coating system. Thermal
analysis of MWNTs was carried out using a PerkinElmer Thermogravimetric
Analyzer (Waltham, MA, USA) using nitrogen as a carrier gas. The temperature
was gradually increased from 30 to 800 °C using approximately
10 mg of sample. The difference in weight over the temperature gradient
provided the information about the sample. The charge on MWNTs was
measured, using a ZetaPALS analyzer (Brookhaven, NY, USA), through
electrophoretic mobilities of MWNTs at variable pH of the background
solution.
Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area and
porosity of MWNTs was measured by NOVA 2200e automated gas sorption
system (Quantachrome, FL., USA) using nitrogen gas at 77 K. The data
were analyzed by Quantachrome NOVAWIN data acquisition and reduction
software version 11.02 provided by the manufacturer. The adsorption/desorption
isotherms of N2 were measured at a relative pressure (P/Po), ranging from 0.0001 to
0.99. The BET equation was utilized to determine the specific surface
area.
by scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) using an FEI Quanta FEG 250 SEM from FEI Co. (Hillsboro, OR,
USA). The equipment was operated at ∼20 keV. Prior to imaging,
the sample surface was coated with <50 nm layer of gold and palladium
using a GATAN model 682 precision etching coating system. Thermal
analysis of MWNTs was carried out using a PerkinElmer Thermogravimetric
Analyzer (Waltham, MA, USA) using nitrogen as a carrier gas. The temperature
was gradually increased from 30 to 800 °C using approximately
10 mg of sample. The difference in weight over the temperature gradient
provided the information about the sample. The charge on MWNTs was
measured, using a ZetaPALS analyzer (Brookhaven, NY, USA), through
electrophoretic mobilities of MWNTs at variable pH of the background
solution.
Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) surface area and
porosity of MWNTs was measured by NOVA 2200e automated gas sorption
system (Quantachrome, FL., USA) using nitrogen gas at 77 K. The data
were analyzed by Quantachrome NOVAWIN data acquisition and reduction
software version 11.02 provided by the manufacturer. The adsorption/desorption
isotherms of N2 were measured at a relative pressure (P/Po), ranging from 0.0001 to
0.99. The BET equation was utilized to determine the specific surface
area.
7
Comprehensive Characterization of Material Samples
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The morphology and particle size of the samples were investigated using a JEOL JEM-2010 transmission electron microscopy (TEM) operated at an accelerating potential of 200 kV. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were captured on a Hitachi S-4800 scanning electron microscope, operating at 5 kV. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were performed on Model D/max-rC X-ray diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation source (λ = 1.5406 Å) and operating at 40 kV and 100 mA. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements were carried out on a Thermo VG Scientific ESCALAB 250 spectrometer with a monochromatic Al Kα X-ray source (1486.6 eV photons). The binding energy was calibrated with respect to C1s at 284.6 eV. The compositions of the catalysts were determined using the energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) specific surface area and pore size distribution were measured at 77 K using a Micromeritics ASAP 2050 system. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum was recorded with a Nicolet 520 SXFTIR spectrometer. The UV-vis spectra were recorded at room temperature on a UV3600 spectrophotometer. Thermal analysis was performed on a Perkin Elmer thermogravimetric analyzer under air atmosphere with a heating rate of 10 °C min−1.
8
Thermal Behavior and Combustion Analysis
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The thermal behavior of the sample was evaluated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (Perkin Elmer, Shelton, CT, USA). TGA was employed to study the thermal behavior because it reflects the weight loss of the composites with the temperature. Each sample was heated from room temperature to 700 °C at a rate of 10 °C min−1, under nitrogen gas conditions. The combustion test is proposed to confirm the homogeneity of the additives within the polymer by burning the samples, and using the remaining samples as a weight to compare to the theoretical weight. The specimens for this burning test were cut to three measurements with a weight of 5 to 6 g for each measurement of each sample at 500 °C for 1 h.
9
Thermal Analysis and SEM Imaging
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Thermal analysis (TG-DTA) was performed on an SDT-Q600 analyzer from TA Instruments New Castle, DE, USA. A thermogravimetric analyzer (Perkin-Elmer, New York, NY, USA) was used at a 30–680 °C temperature range, at a heating rate of 10 °C/min, under an N2 flow. A FEG 250 microscope (Quanta, Field Electron and Iron Company (FEI), Hillsboro, OR, USA), equipped with an EDAX/ZAF quantifier, was used for obtaining SEM images. Lead and cadmium ions adsorption were measured using a SpectrAA 280 FS atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Varian, Melbourne, Australia). The adsorption studies were performed in batch mode using an SW23 shaker bath (Julabo Labortechnik GmbH, Seelbach, Germany).
10
Thermal Decomposition Analysis of Electrospun Meshes
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TGA was performed on the control electrospun meshes
using a thermogravimetric
analyzer (PerkinElmer, USA) to determine moisture content and the
temperature of the onset of decomposition. Briefly, 10 mg electrospun
samples were heated from ambient temperature to 550 °C at a ramp
rate of 10 °C min–1 under a continuous nitrogen
flow of 20 mL min–1, and weight percentage was plotted
as a function of temperature.
using a thermogravimetric
analyzer (PerkinElmer, USA) to determine moisture content and the
temperature of the onset of decomposition. Briefly, 10 mg electrospun
samples were heated from ambient temperature to 550 °C at a ramp
rate of 10 °C min–1 under a continuous nitrogen
flow of 20 mL min–1, and weight percentage was plotted
as a function of temperature.
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