5 aza 2 deoxycytidine

HepG2 cells (JCRB1054) were purchased from the Health Science Research Resources Bank (Japan Health Sciences Foundation, Osaka, Japan) and maintained at 37 °C under an atmosphere of 95% air and 5% CO₂ in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 μg/ml streptomycin. Cells were immersed in a culture medium containing the indicated concentrations of Zebularine, 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC), 2-1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydro-2H-isoindol-2-yl)-3-(1H-indol-3-yl) propionic acid (RG108) or PKR inhibitor. Zebularine (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) was dissolved in distilled water as a stock solution. 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine, RG108 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries), PKR inhibitor (Merck Millipore, Tokyo, Japan), acetaminophen (Sigma-Aldrich Japan, Tokyo, Japan) and aflatoxin B1 (Wako Pure Chemical Industries) were each dissolved in DMSO as a stock solution.