The clinical onset of diabetes was determined by the presence of glucose in the urine and elevated capillary blood glucose concentrations. Urine test strips were used to monitor glycosuria, and capillary tail blood glucose levels were measured with a FreeStyle blood glucose monitoring system (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago). Ad-lib fed mice were considered diabetic after 2 consecutive blood glucose values greater than 250 mg/dL obtained in the morning around 10am. For glucose tolerance testing, mice were fasted for 6 hours, and glucose was administered intraperitoneally (1 mg/g body weight); capillary glucose from tail vein was measured before injection, and at 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, and 120 mins post administration.
To score insulitis, pancreata were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution, dehydrated, and embedded into paraffin; 5 μm sections were stained with H&E and scored for severity of insulitis.
To score insulitis, pancreata were fixed in 4% formaldehyde solution, dehydrated, and embedded into paraffin; 5 μm sections were stained with H&E and scored for severity of insulitis.