Methylglyoxal solution

The ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) diammonium salt, potassium peroxodisulfate, 2,4,6-tris(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine, Trolox^®, aminoguanidine hydrochloride, methylglyoxal solution, L-arginine, hexane, 5-hydroxymethyl-L-furfural, BHT (2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol), (+)-catechin, rutin, quercetin, D-glucose, citric, L-ascorbic, oxalic, gallic and hydroxybenzoic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Switzerland). Acetone and trifluoroacetic acid were bought from Acros Organics (France). Methanol and acetonitrile were obtained from Fine Chemicals (Netherlands), ethyl acetate from Alfa Aesar (Germany). Acetic and sulfuric acids were from Thermo Scientific (Germany). Lycopene, β-carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin were bought from Extrasynthèse (France) and absolute ethanol from Alcosuisse (Switzerland). Fructose and saccharose were obtained from Merck (Germany).
Folin and Ciocaulteu reagent, sodium dihydrogen phosphate mono-hydrate, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate anhydrous and sodium azide were purchased from Chempur (Poland), BSA (Bovine Serum Albumin) from Pol-Aura (Poland). The pectinase Pectinex Ultra SP-L was obtained from Novozymes (Denmark).
Deionized water (Milli-Q purification system, BlancLabo, Switzerland) was used for chromatography.
All reagents used were of analytical grade or higher. All solvents were of HPLC grade.

MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; thiazolyl blue), methylglyoxal solution (40% in H₂O), and other common chemicals were obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rapamycin (m-Tor inhibitor), SB216736 (GSK-3β inhibitor), and U0126 (ERK inhibitor) were purchased from Tocris, Bristol, UK.

Most reagents including 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), bovine serum albumin, 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, cumene hydroperoxide, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH), 5,5′-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid, ferrous sulfate, glucose-6-phosphate, L-glutathione reduced, L-glutathione oxidized, glutathione reductase, DL-isocitric acid trisodium salt hydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl₂ × 6 H₂O), methylglyoxal solution, potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄), S-lactoylglutathione, sodium chloride (NaCl), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TEMED), quercetin, 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethychroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), and xylenol orange were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA). Ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA), 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) hydrate, NADP⁺, NADPH, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, and Tris were from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany). All other reagents were obtained from local suppliers (Ukraine) and were of analytical grade.