Tga 500

The particle size distribution of the three different bone powders was measured using a nanoparticle size analyzer (Zetasizer Nano-ZS90, China) after dispersing the powders in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) with 100 ug/ml, and the average particle size was represented by the median particle size D50. The surface micromorphology of the different BM was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM, Tecnai G²S-Twin, United States). TEM images were taken after dispersing the powder in ethanol with 1 mg/ml. XRD measurement was performed on a Rigaku D/MAX-2250 V at Cu Kα (λ = 0.154056 nm) with a scanning rate of 4° min⁻¹ in the 2θ range of 20–60°. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR, Perkin Elmer, FTIR-2000) was used to determine the chemical structure among different bone powders. For this measurement, the transmission IR spectra were recorded using KBr pellets (1 mg sample/300 mg KBr) over a range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ with 1 cm⁻¹ resolution averaging over 100 scans. The component composition of different bone powders was characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) (TA Instruments TGA500, United States). TGA was conducted at 10°C/min heating speed in an oxidative atmosphere (synthetic air, composed of 80% N₂ and 20% O₂). The element content of different BM was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ESCALab250i-XL).

The crystal phase was analyzed by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD; Bruker Co., Bremen, Germany) on a D8 Advance diffractometer using Cu Kα radiation (λ = 0.154 Å). The morphology, structure and size of the samples were determined by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; Philips XL30 ESEM FEG, Japan) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM; FEI Tecnai G2 S-Twin, München, Germany). The elemental compositions were analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray energy spectrometry (EDX; Philips, XL-30 W/TMP, Konan, Japan). Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR, Bio-Rad Win-IR Spectrometer, Watford, UK) was recorded in the range of 400–4000 cm⁻¹ using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode and the KBr slice method. Atom force microscopy (AFM) images were acquired by Bruker’s Dimension Icon and Multimode-V AFM. The amounts of GdPO₄·H₂O, GdPO₄·H₂O@SiO₂, GdPO₄·H₂O@SiO₂–APS, and PBLG-g-GdPO₄·H₂O were determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, TA Instruments TGA500, New Castle, DE, USA) in air at a heating rate of 10 °C/min from 25 °C to 800 °C.

Thermogravimetric measurements (TGA) of Okra powder were performed using TA instruments TGA 500 with heating scans of ambient temperature (21°C) to 900°C at an automated heating rate.
Perkin Elmer DSC6 was used to study the thermal characteristics of the gum. About 2.5 mg sample was placed in an aluminum pan and was scanned at −20°C to 230°C at a scanning rate of 10.00°C/min. Nitrogen was used as purged gas at a flow rate of 20 mL/min.