Sr 18292

All cells were cultured at 37°C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO₂. SW1353 cells were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection, and TC28a2 cells were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. SW1353 cells, TC28a2 cells, and human primary cells were cultured in DMEM with 10% CS supplemented with 1% PSG. BMSCs were purchased from Lonza and were cultured in human Mesenchymal Stem Cell (hMSC) Growth BulletKit Medium (MSCGM) (Lonza). In pellet culture of BMSCs, hMSC Chondrogenic Differentiation BulletKit Medium (Lonza) was used. Human IL-1β (PeproTech) and TGF-β3 (PeproTech) were used to treat cells. The compounds used in screenings and validation experiments were provided by Calibr (a Division of Scripps Research Institute). Mocetinostat for other experiments was obtained from LC Laboratories, and SR-18292 was purchased from Selleck Chemicals. Stocks of the compounds were diluted in DMSO. Cell viability was measured with Countess II FL Automated Cell Counter (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using Trypan Blue stain 0.4% (Thermo Fisher Scientific).

Kaempferol (purity >98%) was obtained from the National Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products (Beijing, China), and dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (30 mg/ml), with a final concentration in phosphate buffer solution (PBS). SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) inhibitor SR-18292 were bought from the Selleckchem (Houston, TX, United States), and both dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (both were 30 mg/ml), with a final concentration in PBS. The antibodies of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), cytochrome c (Cyt c) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV) were all obtained commercially from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, United States). The detection kits of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were purchased from Jiancheng (Nanjing, JS, CHN). Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit obtained from eBioscience (San Diego, CA, United States).