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23 protocols using maxent 1

1

Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Oligonucleotides

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Oligonucleotides were analyzed in the negative-ion mode on a Waters Synapt G2-Si HDMS quadrupole time-of-flight hybrid mass spectrometer (Waters, Manchester, UK). Samples were dissolved in 10 mM ammonium acetate with 50% acetonitrile to obtain a final concentration of 0.1 OD/mL. Samples were injected into the source of the mass spectrometer by a syringe pump with a flow rate of 10 μL/min. Other parameters of the analysis were as follows: capillary voltage 2.6 kV, cone voltage 40 V, source temperature 120 °C, desolvation temperature 400 °C, cone gas 30 L/h, and desolvation gas 600 L/h. The data were collected in full-scan negative-ion mode (mass range of 50–2000 m/z) and the data processing was performed with Waters MassLynx 4.1 software (deconvolution with MaxEnt1 function, Waters Corporation, Milford, MA, USA). The mass spectra and obtained and found masses of analyzed oligonucleotides are available in the Supplementary Materials (Table S2, Figures S77–S92).
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2

Forming Aurora A Complexes with CoA/dpCoA

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To generate CoA or dPCoA complexes with Aurora A, 10 μM WT Aurora A was incubated with 100 μM CoA or dpCoA for 15 min at room temperature. To evaluate the interaction, intact complexes were desalted using a C4 desalting trap (Waters MassPREP™ Micro desalting column, 2.1 × 5 mm, 20 μm particle size, 1000 Å pore size). Aurora A was eluted with 50 % (v/v) MeCN, 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid. Intact mass analysis was performed using a Waters nano ACQUITY Ultra Performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) system coupled to a Waters SYNAPT G2, as described [60 ]. Samples were eluted from a C4 trap column at a flow rate of 10 μL/min using three repeated 0–100 % acetonitrile gradients. Data was collected between 400 and 3500 m/z and processed using MaxEnt1 (maximum entropy software, Waters Corporation).
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3

Sugarcane Phosphoproteome Analysis

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MS raw data were analyzed using MassLynx v4.1 and processed by MaxEnt 1 (both from Waters Corp.) to deconvolute multi-charged combined ion spectra for intact mass analysis. Phosphoproteomic raw data were processed using the Protein Lynx Global Server (PLGS, Waters Corp.) against the sugarcane protein database (UniProt release 2017_12). Data processing was performed in two steps. First, PLGS extracted all acquired spectra using the following parameters: lock mass (charge 2 = 785.84261 Da/e) window set to 0.4 Da; low energy threshold fixed at 500 counts; elevated energy threshold at 50 counts; chromatographic peak width and MS ToF resolution were set to automatic. Then, a database search was performed with the following parameters: peptide and fragment tolerance were set to automatic; two fragments ion matches per peptide and five fragments ion matches per protein were fixed, as well as a minimum of one peptide match per protein; one missed cleavage was allowed; trypsin was set as the primary digestion; carbamidomethylation of cysteine was set as a fixed modification, oxidation of methionine, and phosphorylation of Ser/Thr/Tyr residues were set as a variable modification.
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4

Urine Protein Mass Spectrometry

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Urine samples were diluted in 0.1% (v/v) formic acid to reach 0.1 μg of protein column (5 pmol) and centrifuged at 13,000 g for 10 min. All analyses were performed on a Synapt G2 mass spectrometer (Waters Corporation), fitted with an API source. Samples were desalted and concentrated on a C4 reverse phase trap (Thermo Scientific) and protein was eluted at a flow rate of 10 μL/min using three repeated 0–100% (v/v) acetronitile (ACN) gradients. Data was collected between 800 and 3500 Th (m/z), processed and transformed to a neutral average mass using MaxEnt 1 (Maximum Entropy Software, Waters Corporation). The instrument was calibrated using a 2 pmol injection of myoglobin from equine heart (Sigma-Aldrich; M1882).
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5

Separation and analysis of nsp9 proteins

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NAI-MP-nsp9 and RNA-nsp9 were separated by a 10 min gradient elution at a flow rate 0.5 mL/min with an ACQUITY UPLC system, which was directly interfaced with a SYNAPT-G2-Si mass spectrometer produced by Waters. Separation was achieved using a Protein BEH C4 silica capillary column (2.1mm ID, 50 mm length; Made in Ireland) packed with C-4 resin (300 Å, 1.7 μm) purchased from Waters. Mobile phase A consisted of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution, and mobile phase B consisted of 100% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid.
Aliquots of 1 μL samples were loaded into an autosampler for electrospray ionization. Samples were analyzed on a Q-TOF mass spectrometer (SYNAPT G2-Si, Waters company) instrument optimized for high-mass protein analysis. The measurements were performed with a 3000–3500 V capillary. Data were collected over the m/z range of 500–2000. Having acquired the raw electrospray mass spectra, the data were deconvoluted using MaxEnt 1 (Waters) to generate a spectrum (relative intensity versus mass) where all the charge-state peaks of a single species have been collapsed into a single (zero-charge) peak.
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6

Deglycosylation and Reduction of Protein Samples

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Protein samples were deglycosylated by PNGase F (New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA) or IgGZero (Genovis, Cambridge MA) according to manufacturer’s recommendation and further reduced by TCEP (Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA). The samples were acidified by diluting 1:1 with 0.1% formic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, St Louis, MO) followed by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS). LC-MS analysis was performed using a Waters Xevo Q-TOF G2 mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, MA) coupled to an Agilent (Santa Clara, CA) 1100 capillary HPLC. The deglycosylated and reduced samples were separated over an Agilent Poroshell 300SB-C8 (0.5 × 75 mm) column maintained at 80 °C with a flow rate of 20 µl/min. Mobile phase A was water with 2% acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid, and mobile phase B was acetonitrile with 2% water and 0.1% formic acid. The mass spectrometer was run in positive MS only mode scanning from 800 to 2000 m/z and data was acquired with MassLynx (Waters) 4.1 software. The TOF-MS signal was summarized and deconvoluted using MaxEnt1 (Waters) program.
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7

Protein Mass Spectrometry Analysis

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Samples were diluted in 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and centrifuged at 13,000g for 10 min. All analyses were performed on a Synapt G2 mass spectrometer (Waters Corporation), fitted with an Atmospheric Pressure Ionization (API) source. Samples were desalted and concentrated on a C4 reverse phase trap (Thermo Scientific), and protein was eluted at a flow rate of 10 μL/min using three repeated 0 to 100% acetonitrile gradients. Data were collected between 800 and 3,500 Th (m/z), processed, and transformed to a neutral average mass using MaxEnt 1 (maximum entropy software, Waters Corporation). The instrument was calibrated with 250 fmol of myoglobin (16.7 kDa) from equine heart (Sigma-Aldrich).
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8

Protein Mass Analysis by LC-MS

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Samples were diluted to 0.2 mg/ml with 0.1% formic acid. About 5 µl were injected into a desalting column (MassPREP desalting, Waters) and desalted using a fast gradient (4 min) of acetonitrile in water supplemented with 0.1% formic acid. The separation was carried out by an LC system (I-class, Waters) that is online coupled to a mass spectrometer (Synapt G2, Waters) to acquire protein masses by electrospray ionisation. Prior to sample measurement, the system was calibrated with sodium formate in the range of 100–1500 m/z. The calibration was checked by measuring myoglobins ions in the same range. For myoglobin ions, the ppm error was less than 1 ppm. For the measurement of samples of interest, the instrument was set up to accept a calibration error of less than 10 ppm. The raw spectrum was processed in MassLynx (Waters). The deconvolution was performed in MaxEnt1 with the mass range 160,000–200,000 m/z, resolution 0.5 Da/channel and uniform Gaussian used to calculate the damage model (Waters). The final spectrum was produced in the mMass software (mmass.org)53 (link).
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9

Protein Purity Analysis by LC-MS

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Purified protein (5 μg) was desalted into HPLC grade water
(4×500 μl) by four cycles of centrifugation through 10K Amicon
Ultra Centrifugal filters (EMD Millipore) at 14,000g(3×10 min and then 1×18 min). After recovering the protein, 6
μl protein was injected into a Waters I-Class LC connected to a Waters
G2-XS TOF. Flow conditions were 0.4 mL/min of 50:50 water:acetonitrile plus 0.1%
formic acid. Ionization was done by ESI+ and data was collected for m/z
500–2000. A spectral combine was performed over the main portion of the
mass peak and the combined spectrum was deconvoluted using Waters MaxEnt1.
Analysis was carried out by automated peak integration as well as manual peak
identification (Supplementary
Figs. 6
and 8). Fidelity was calculated as the integral of expected mass
relative to integrals of all masses identified to be either product or impurity
without taking technical impurities into consideration (e.g. salt adducts,
arginine oxidation). The method has previously been described and validated to
be quantitative39 (link).
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10

CTSB Inhibition by 3-BrPA: Mass Spectrometric Analysis

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The tested samples, consisting of 2 µM of CTSB with 500 µM of 3-BrPA in 50 mM of acetate buffer (with 1 mM of EDTA; pH 5.0) and control samples (2 µM of CTSB in 50 mM of acetate buffer (with 1 mM of EDTA; pH 5.0)) were incubated for 10 min at 37°C prior to separation. Mass spectrometric studies were conducted using a Nano-Acquity UPLC Q-TOF/MS (Waters, Milford, USA) system. The chromatograph was equipped with an Acquity UPLC HSS C18 analytical column (1 mm × 100 mm; 1.8 μm) with the flow-rate maintained at 50 μL/min and the injection volume at 3 μL. The separation was held for 15 min at 35°C. The mobile phase constituents were solvent A -0.1% formic acid in water -and solvent B, 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile. The elution took place in a gradient system: 0-1 min: 15% B; 2 min: 25% B; 8 min: 60% B; 10 min: 85% B; 11 min: 85% B; 11.5 min: 15% B; 15 min: 15% B. The eluted CTSB was analyzed using Xevo G2-Q-TOF (Waters) mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source in positive ionization mode (ESI+). The capillary voltage was set at 3.0 kV, and the cone voltage for CTSB was set at 40 V. The cone gas flow was maintained at 80 L/h, and the source temperature was set at 100°C. Leucine Enkephalin (Waters) was used as the lock mass solution. Data was collected from m/z 200 to m/z 2000. The mass spectra were deconvoluted with MaxEnt 1 (Waters).
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