Total bile acid kits

Tartary buckwheat seeds were acquired from the Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereals Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Chengdu University (Chengdu, China). Male Sprague–Dawley rats were purchased from the Chengdu Dashuo Experimental Animals Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). The total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alpha-alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), free fatty acid (FFA), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and total bile acid (TBA) kits were purchased from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute (Nanjing, China). All other chemicals and reagents are analytical grade.

Lipopolysaccharide derived from Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5 was obtained from Sigma–Aldrich (Lot 113M4068V; St. Louis, MO, USA). Sodium pentobarbital was purchased from the Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bile acid (TBA) kits were purchased from the Jiancheng bioengineering institute (Nanjing, China). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for rat interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 12 beta (IL-12β), interleukin 18 (IL-18), interleukin 27 (IL-27), interferon gamma (IFN- γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were obtained from Cloud-Clone Corp. (Houston, TX, USA). Proteinase K was purchased from Sigma Chemical Company (Buchs, Switzerland). HPLC-grade methanol and acetonitrile were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Deionized water was prepared using a Milli-Q water purification system Millipore (Bedford, MA, USA). Other chemicals were of analytical grade and their purity was above 99.5%.

Zein, cholic acid, and rhamnolipids R90 (90%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Shanghai, China). Liraglutide was from GL Biochem (Shanghai). Mucin (from porcine stomach) was from meilun bio (Shanghai, China). Sulfo-cyanine 5 NHS ester (Cy5, analytical grade) was from Lumiprobe (Maryland, USA). Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) was from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Anthrone was from Aladdin (Shanghai, China). Chlorpromazine, genistein, amiloride, and 1, 1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (Dil) were from Beyotime Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). All cell culture reagents and materials were from Thermo Fisher Scientific (Shanghai, China). All other reagents were from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Shanghai, China). Total bile acid (TBA) kits were from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute.