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5 protocols using sa00006 1

1

Multimodal Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Brain

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Mice were anesthetized and transcardially perfused with 0.9% saline and 4% formaldehyde, respectively. The brains were carefully removed, immediately dehydrated with 15% sucrose, and immersed in 30% sucrose the next day. Coronal brain sections of 10 μm thickness were incubated with 1% Triton X-100 for 30 min at room temperature. After blocking with 5% bovine serum albumin for 1 h at 37°C, sections were incubated overnight at 4°C with anti-GFAP mouse antibody (A00213, BOSTER, Inc.1:300), anti-NeuN mouse antibody (MAB377, Millipore, USA, 1:50) and anti-Iba-1 Chicken antibody (Cat234006, SYSY, Inc., Germany, 1:400). Sections were then incubated with Alexa Fluor@647-conjugated goat anti-chicken IgY (ab150171, Abcam, 1:400), Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (bs-0296G-AF594, Bioss, 1:300), or Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H + L; SA00006-1, Proteintech, 1:300) and incubated with DAPI (Sigma, USA, 1:200) to stain nuclei. All images were taken with an A1 + R laser confocal microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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2

Fluorescence Immunocytochemistry of Nestin in NSCs

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Cell cultures in 96-well plates were examined by fluorescence immunocytochemistry. The cells were washed twice in PBS and then fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for 30 min at room temperature. The cells were then washed twice with PBS and permeabilized with 0.3% Triton X-100 for 20 min. Non-specific binding sites were blocked via incubation with 3% goat serum for 40 min. The cells were then incubated with a mouse monoclonal primary antibody against nestin (a marker of NSCs) (ab6142; Abcam) at a dilution of 1:200 in 1% BSA overnight at 4°C. On the following day, the cells were washed 3 times for 5 min each time and incubated with rhodamine-conjugated goat anti-mouse secondary antibody (SA00006-1; Proteintech, Chicago, IL, USA) at room temperature for 1.5 h in the dark; this was followed by 2 washes in PBS. Subsequently, the nuclei were counterstained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and the stained cells were observed under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus AX80; Olympus).
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3

Visualizing Glial Cells and Microglia in Rat Brain

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Immunofluorescence was performed by a method described previously [29 (link)]. After anesthesia, 0.9% saline and 4% formaldehyde were transcardially infused into rats. The brains were carefully removed and dehydrated by 15% and 30% sucrose. Rats were anaesthetized and transcardially perfused with 0.9% saline and 4% formaldehyde. The brains were removed carefully and dehydrated with 15% sucrose and 30% sucrose. Ten-micrometer-thick coronal brain sections were harvested and incubated with 1% Triton X-100 for 30 min at room temperature. Subsequently, the sections were blocked for 1 h at 37°C with 5% bovine serum albumin and then incubated with anti-GFAP mouse antibody (A00213, BOSTER Co.) and anti-Iba-1 goat antibody (NB100-1028, Novus Co., USA, 1 : 200) at 4°C overnight. The next day, the sections were incubated with FITC-conjugated AffiniPure donkey anti-goat IgG (H+L; SA00003-3, Proteintech, 1 : 200) or Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L; SA00006-1, Proteintech, 1 : 200). The DAPI was used to stain nuclei (Sigma, USA, 1 : 200). The images were taken using an A1+R laser confocal microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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Immunofluorescence Analysis of Autophagy Markers

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OT‐I CTLs were treated with DMSO or UA for 16 h followed by fixation for 15 min with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) (15 710, Electron Microscopy Science) at room temperature. Cells were permeabilized with permeabilization buffer (Triton X‐100, P0096, Beyotime) for 5 min at room temperature and then blocked with 30% Normal Goat Serum (SL038, Solarbio) for 30 min at room temperature. Cells were stained at 4 °C overnight with the following primary antibodies: anti‐LC3I/II (1:200, PM036, MBL), anti‐ERK1/2 (1:200, ab184699, Abcam), anti‐p‐ERK (1:200, 4377s, Cell Signaling Technology), anti‐ULK1 (1:100, sc‐390904, Santa), anti‐Atg16 (1:200, PM040, MBL). The samples were washed twice with TBST and incubated for 1 h at room temperature with the following secondary antibodies: anti‐rabbit Alexa Fluor plus 488 (1:2,00, SA00006‐2, Proteintech), anti‐rabbit Alexa Fluor plus 594 (1:200, SA00013‐4, Proteintech), anti‐mouse Alexa Fluor plus 488 (1:200, SA00006‐1, Proteintech), anti‐mouse Alexa Flour 594 (1:200, SA00013‐3, Proteintech), and DAPI (C1002, Beyotime). Images were acquired with Fast Airyscan LSM900 Confocal microscope (Zeiss) with 60× oil objective and analyzed using Zen2010 software.
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5

Immunofluorescence Staining of Brain Sections

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The slides of brain sections were fixed with 4% formaldehyde solution for 30 min at room temperature, incubated with 1% Triton X-100 for 30 min, and blocked with 5% goat or donkey serum for 1 h at 37 °C. Subsequently, sections were incubated overnight at 4 °C with the following primary antibodies: OTULIN (bs-14689R, Bioss Co., Beijing, China, 1:50), NeuN (MAB377, Millipore Co., Germany, 1:200), MAP2 (4542, Cell Signaling Technology, USA, 1:100) or Iba-1 (NB100-1028, Novus Co., USA, 1:200). After washing three times with PBS, sections were reacted with the following fluorescent secondary antibodies at 37 °C for 1 h: Alexa Fluor 594-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG (H+L; SA00006-4, Proteintech, 1:200), Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG (H+L; SA00006-1, Proteintech, 1:200), FITC-conjugated AffiniPure donkey anti-goat IgG (H+L; SA00003-3, Proteintech, 1:200), and 594-conjugated AffiniPure donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L; SA00006-8, Proteintech, 1:200). DAPI (Sigma, USA, 1:200) was used to stain cellular nuclei at 37 °C for 10 min. All images were observed and acquired using an A1+R laser confocal microscope (Nikon, Tokyo, Japan).
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