U937/PMA cells were stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of P. vera extracts in solutions or in liposomes or in transfersomes (100 ng/mL) to measure ROS and NO• levels. Where indicated, the cells were treated also with 5 mM sodium malate (Sigma-Aldrich, Milan, Italy) or 500 μM NADPH (Sigma-Aldrich). After 24 h, ROS and NO• levels were measured by using 6-Carboxy-2′,7′-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein Diacetate (DCF-DA, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Milan, Italy) and 4-Amino-5-Methylamino-2′,7′-Difluorofluorescein Diacetate (DAF-FM Diacetate, Thermo Fisher Scientific), respectively.
For PGE2 quantification, the cells were exposed to P. vera extracts in solutions or in liposomes or in transfersomes (100 ng/mL) for 1 h and, where indicated, co-treated with 5 mM sodium acetate (Sigma-Aldrich); then, inflammation was induced by adding LPS. After 48 h, the PGE2 concentration was measured by using the DetectX® Prostaglandin E2 Immunoassay Kit (Arbor Assays, AnnArbor, MI, USA).
For PGE2 quantification, the cells were exposed to P. vera extracts in solutions or in liposomes or in transfersomes (100 ng/mL) for 1 h and, where indicated, co-treated with 5 mM sodium acetate (Sigma-Aldrich); then, inflammation was induced by adding LPS. After 48 h, the PGE2 concentration was measured by using the DetectX® Prostaglandin E2 Immunoassay Kit (Arbor Assays, AnnArbor, MI, USA).