Jmp 16 statistical software

The data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or median (minimum, maximum) for continuous variables and frequencies and percentages for discrete variables. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP 16 statistical software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). The statistical significance of the intergroup differences was assessed using t-tests or χ² tests, as appropriate. Baseline data of patients with ALS were analyzed, and two-step strategies were employed to assess the relative importance of the variables in their association with the swallowing sound index using multiple logistic analysis. First, a univariate analysis was performed. Subsequently, a multi-factorial analysis was performed with selected factors that had a p-value of < 0.05 in the univariate analysis and age. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

For the morphometric data, the brain was divided into three portions: the rostral 1/3, middle 1/3, and caudal 1/3 portions. Three to twelve sections were randomly selected from each of these portions in each of the four animals. The total length of the GAL-ir nerve fibers within the dura mater was measured in each of the various regions with a personal computer (Hewlett-Packard, Japan), a digital pencil (Wakom, Japan), and a digital tracing tablet (Wakom) by freehand drawing (Lumina Vision program, Mitani Corporation, Japan). Data about the cerebral falx, other cerebral portions, and cerebellar dura mater were obtained from 1, 3, and 14 digital images (each image size = 660 µm × 820 µm), respectively, in each section. The proportion of their length to the area of each region was calculated for immunoreactive density^{51 (link)–53 (link)}. The average of such immunoreactive density was recorded for each animal. Difference among several regions was examined by analysis of variance and Tukey’s test using the JMP^® 16 statistical software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA).