To produce uniform non-thermal plasma for biological applications, we utilized the plasma setup shown in Figure 1a . The input voltage was about 600 V, electric current 167 mA and the power was 100 W; such a high voltage supply resulted in electron energy of about 0.5 keV. The schematic construction of the plasma jet nozzle is shown in Figure 1e , consisting of a plasma generation module and cases. The high voltage electrode, a porous ceramic membrane and ground electrode form a plasma generation module. The gas supply was administered through a gas inlet followed by gas ionization in the pores of the ceramic membrane utilizing an electric field between two electrodes. The gas temperature at the tip of the plasma jet was measured using a thermocouple embedded in an optical spectrograph USB 4000 (Ocean Optics Inc.). The temperature remained 37–40°C during the cell treatment. The optical emission spectrum of the non-thermal plasma was measured using an optical spectrograph USB 4000 (Ocean Optics Inc.).
Usb4000
Manufactured by OceanOptics
Sourced in United States, China, Netherlands, Japan
The USB4000 is a high-performance spectrometer designed for laboratory applications. It features a detector array with 3648 pixels, providing a wide spectral range and high optical resolution. The spectrometer connects to a computer via a USB interface, enabling easy integration into various measurement setups.
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Lab products found in correlation
Dh 2000, by OceanOptics (5 mentions)
Oceanview, by OceanOptics (4 mentions)
Hl 2000, by OceanOptics (4 mentions)
S 4800, by Hitachi (4 mentions)
Dcc1645c, by Thorlabs (4 mentions)
Ls 450 led, by OceanOptics (3 mentions)
6 inch integrating sphere, by Labsphere (3 mentions)
Fois 1, by OceanOptics (3 mentions)
Dh 2000 bal, by OceanOptics (3 mentions)
Spectrasuite software, by OceanOptics (3 mentions)
Hl 2000 hp, by OceanOptics (3 mentions)
Dmk23up1300 camera, by Imaging Source (3 mentions)
R400 7 uv vis, by OceanOptics (2 mentions)
Power wave xs2, by OceanOptics (2 mentions)
Usb2000, by OceanOptics (2 mentions)
Bb3 e02, by Thorlabs (2 mentions)
Eclipse l150, by Nikon (2 mentions)
Qe65000 spectrometer, by OceanOptics (2 mentions)
L10290, by Hamamatsu Photonics (2 mentions)
Lab grade reflection probes, by OceanOptics (2 mentions)
149 protocols using usb4000
1
Uniform Non-Thermal Plasma for Biological Applications
2
Characterization of Optoelectronic Devices
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EL spectra and intensities of the fabricated samples were measured by using a portable spectrometer (Ocean Optics USB4000), while its electrical characterizations were performed with a Keithley 2400 source meter. XRD patterns were measured by a multipurpose X-ray diffraction system (Bruker new D8 discover). Absorption spectra of the fabricated samples were obtained by the spectrophotometer (Aglient, Cary5000), and the PL spectra were measured by a portable spectrometer (Ocean Optics USB4000) with a 405 nm diode laser excitation. Transient measurements of the LEC were conducted using a function generator (Agilent 33220 A), an oscilloscope (Keysight DSOX1204G), and a benchtop optical power meter (Newport 1936-R) with a photodiode (Newport 818-UV/DB) covering the spectral range of 200–1100 nm. Resistive switching of the RRAM was characterized using the same function generator and the oscilloscope with a 50 Ω load resistor for generating pulsed voltages and reading transient responses, respectively. Surface and cross-sectional morphologies of the fabricated samples were examined using field-emission SEM (JEOL, JSM7600F, 10 kV). TEM images and EDS spectra of the as-synthesized CsPbBr3 QDs were performed by using an atomic-resolution electron microscope (JEOL, ARM200F, 200 kV).
3
Monitoring Light Scattering of Emulsions
4
Multimodal Imaging Sheath for OCT and FLIm
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The multimodal imaging core was manufactured using DCF (SM-9/105/125-20 A, NUFERN, CT, USA) to enable simultaneous OCT and FLIm imaging. The DCF was spliced to coreless fiber (MM125, FIBERCORE, Southampton, UK) that was processed into a ball shape using a fusion splicer (GPX-3300, THORLABS, NJ, USA). To enable side-viewing, the ball-shaped coreless fiber was polished at 41 degrees55 (link). The imaging sheath was constructed by replacing the imaging window of the IVUS sheath (Atlantis SR pro, Boston Scientific, MA, USA) with FEP tubing with an inner diameter of 0.74 mm and an outer diameter of 1.04 mm (AWG21, Zeus, SC, USA). The spectra were measured using a xenon lamp and a spectrometer (USB4000, OceanOptics, FL, USA) in the wavelength range of light used by FLIm with and without the imaging window. At 1310 nm, power was measured using a power meter (PM100D, THORLABS, NJ, USA) and a photodiode power sensor (S132C, THORLABS, NJ, USA) with and without the imaging window. The transmittance of the sheath was calculated by dividing the spectrum and power with the imaging window by those without the imaging window.
5
Measuring Light Transmittance in Cleared Brains
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The light transmittance of the cleared whole brain (Fig. 3C ) was measured with a visible near-infrared optical fiber spectrometer (USB4000, Ocean Optics, USA). A circular spot of light (diameter, 5 mm) was irradiated on the central part of cleared brain samples from the dorsal side and was measured from the ventral side. The blank value was measured as the transmittance of the clearing reagents without a sample. The light transmittance of the sample normalized to the blank value, which was 100%, was defined as the relative transmittance. Each value was determined as an average of three measurements.
6
Spectroscopic Study of Stimulated Emission
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To study the stimulated emission, samples (for example, spaser solution) were loaded either in a cuvette (with oblique walls to eliminate feedback) of 2-mm path length, and microscopic slides of 120 and 1-μm path lengths. The samples were irradiated by OPO (Solar LP601 and above) at wavelength λ=488 nm with 5–7-ns pulses focussed into spots of different diameters from 1 to 100 μm. For spectroscopic measurements, we used a fibre-optic-based spectrometer (OceanOptics USB4000) with optical resolution of Δλ∼0.1 nm (full-width at half-maximum) or AvaSpec-2048 TEC-FT-2 (Δλ∼0.7 nm (full-width at half-maximum)) (Supplementary Fig. 4c ).
7
Characterization of Bio CFQD® Nanoparticles
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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was challenging due to the low electron density nature of the particles. Fig. 1 (A and B) shows a typical TEM image and the size distribution of a typical sample of the bio CFQD® nanoparticles. The TEM images were acquired using a JEOL 2010 analytical TEM. The hydrodynamic particle size was determined by the measurement of dynamic light scattering (DLS) using a Malvern Zetasizer μV system. The nanoparticles were dispersed in aqueous buffer (HEPES 6 mM, pH 7.8). The average hydrodynamic size of the surface-treated water soluble particles (bio CFQD®) is 12.2 nm with a standard deviation of 0.29 nm (Fig. 1 C).
Fig. 1 D shows the photoluminescence emission spectrum of the bio CFQD® nanoparticles in distilled water, which shows peak emission at 615 nm. The photoluminescence emission spectrum of QDs was recorded using a fibre optic CCD spectrometer (USB4000, Ocean Optics Inc.). For the quantum yield measurement a spectrometer incorporating an integrating sphere was used (Hamamatsu UK. Ltd, model C9920-02), which has been specifically designed to measure absolute quantum yields.
8
Evaluating Particle Fluorescence in OOC Outlets
9
Surface Plasmon Resonance Device Setup
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The SPR device is composed of a light source (HL2000-12, Fu Xiang, China), a spectrometer with a spectral range of 400 to 1,000 nm (USB 4000, Ocean Optics), a Y-splitter coupler, and a thermostat (Joanlab, China).
10
Photocatalysis Experiments with LP-UV
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The photocatalysis experiments were performed with a bench-scale LP-UV collimated-beam apparatus using a 43 W LP-UV lamp (Trojan Technologies Inc, London, ON, Canada) which emits monochromatic irradiation at 254 nm. Average irradiance was calculated using the spectral irradiance measured by a calibrated spectroradiometer (USB4000, Ocean Optics, Largo, FL, USA) placed in the same x–y position as the center of the crystallization dish and at the surface of the liquid suspension. The sample surface reflection, water absorbance, and petri factor were also considered in the calculation. Absorbance was recorded by UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Cary Bio100, Varian Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA). The UV dose was calculated by multiplying the average irradiance by time of exposure [16 (link)].
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