Sodium nitroprusside

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in United States, Germany, India, Italy, Australia, United Kingdom, Sao Tome and Principe, Japan, France, Portugal, Brazil, China, Sweden

Sodium nitroprusside is a chemical compound used as a laboratory reagent. It is a dark red crystalline solid with the chemical formula Na₂[Fe(CN)₅NO]. The primary function of sodium nitroprusside is as a colorimetric indicator for the detection of sulfide ions in aqueous solutions.

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Lab products found in correlation

Acetylcholine, by Merck Group (52 mentions) Phenylephrine, by Merck Group (50 mentions) Gallic acid, by Merck Group (31 mentions) Quercetin, by Merck Group (28 mentions) 2 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (dpph), by Merck Group (27 mentions) L name, by Merck Group (24 mentions) Ascorbic acid, by Merck Group (23 mentions) Trichloroacetic acid, by Merck Group (23 mentions) Indomethacin, by Merck Group (22 mentions) Dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), by Merck Group (20 mentions) Ferric chloride, by Merck Group (19 mentions) Hydrogen peroxide, by Merck Group (18 mentions) Thiobarbituric acid, by Merck Group (17 mentions) Methanol, by Merck Group (17 mentions) Hydrochloric acid (hcl), by Merck Group (16 mentions) Potassium ferricyanide, by Merck Group (15 mentions) Sodium carbonate, by Merck Group (15 mentions) Acetylcholine chloride, by Merck Group (14 mentions) Bovine serum albumin (bsa), by Merck Group (14 mentions) Glacial acetic acid, by Merck Group (14 mentions)

Close spelling variants of this product

Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) Sodium nitroprusside dehydrate Sodium nitroprusside dihydrate (SNP) Sodium nitroprusside dihydrate Nitroprusside

288 protocols using sodium nitroprusside

Sodium Nitroprusside for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

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Sixty four animals were divided into six groups: 1) SAH-induced animals (SAH; n=12); 2) SAH + ICV administration of sodium nitroprusside (SAH-SNP; n=18); 3) SAH + ICV glucose 5 % (SAH-glc; n=10); 4) sham-operated animals (sham, n=8); 5) sham + ICV SNP (sham-SNP; n=8); and 6) sham + ICV glucose 5 % (sham-glc; n=8).
The SAH-SNP animals received 10 μg of sodium nitroprusside (Sigma-Aldrich) in 5 μl of 5 % glucose solution 3 min after SAH induction. If secondary decrease of perfusion occurred after previous increase (decrease >15 % of perfusion after reaching peak level), second dose of SNP solution was administered. The solution of SNP was meticulously protected from light during preparation as well as during the whole experiment.
The SAH-glc group received 5 μl of 5 % glucose solution according to the same time pattern, the SAH group remained untreated. The corresponding shamoperated groups received the treatment in the same pattern.

Kolar M., Nohejlova K., Mares J, & Pachl J. (2016). Early changes of brain perfusion after subarachnoid hemorrhage - the effect of sodium nitroprusside. Physiological research, 65(Suppl 5).

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Preparation of Pharmacological Agents

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Cisplatin, phenylephrine, carbachol, and sodium nitroprusside were obtained from Sigma (Sigma Chemical Company, Poole, Dorset, UK).
phenylephrine, carbachol, and sodium nitroprusside were dissolved in distilled water. Cisplatin was dissolved in saline (0.9% NaCl).

Herradón E., González C., Uranga J.A., Abalo R., Martín M.I, & López-Miranda V. (2017). Characterization of Cardiovascular Alterations Induced by Different Chronic Cisplatin Treatments. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 196.

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Antioxidant and Enzymatic Bioassays

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2,2-diphenyl 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), sodium nitroprusside, sodium potassium tartrate, potassium ferricyanide (sigma-Aldrich, USA), α-glucosidase, alpha-amylase and 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid (DNSA) were acquired from Unichem, UK, were used in the current study. Avicel-200, acarbose, ascorbic acid, acetic acid, ammonium molybdate, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, ferric chloride (FeCl₃), Griess reagent, lactose monohydrate, methylparaben, methanol, 4-nitrophenyl β-d-glucopyranoside (pNPG), propylparaben, potassium bromide, potassium ferricyanide, phosphate buffer, starch, sulfuric acid, sodium nitroprusside, sodium potassium tartrate, sodium phosphate, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and tri-chloroacetic acid were used in the study. All these chemicals were purchased from the supplier of Merk and Co. pvt Ltd., and Sigma Aldrich.

Iqbal R., Azhar I., Iqbal M.N., Hamid I., Zahoor M., Akhtar M.F., Mahmood Z.A., Ullah R, & Alotaibi A. (2023). Chemical characterization, antioxidant and antidiabetic activities of a novel polyherbal formulation comprising of Hordeum vulgare, Elettaria cardamomum and Cicer arietinum extracts. Heliyon, 9(9), e19292.

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Porcine Lung Harvesting and Perfusion

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All animal experimental work was approved by Yale University's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Yorkshire Swine ranging in weight from 20 to 30 kg were anesthetized using an intramuscular injection of Telazol (4.4 mg/kg), Ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), and Xylazine (2.2 mg/kg). Once anesthetized, animals were administered heparin (300 U/kg) through an intravenous catheter, which was allowed to circulate for 15 min before euthanizing with Euthasol (85 mg/kg). Following euthanasia, an incision was made inferior to the costal margin and the diaphragm was punctured to collapse the lungs. The chest cavity was accessed and the lungs perfused through the pulmonary artery with lactated ringer's solution (Hospira) containing 100 U/mL heparin (Sigma) and 1 μg/mL sodium nitroprusside (Sigma). The lungs, heart, and trachea were excised en bloc and placed into 4°C lactated ringer's solution containing 5% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco), 2% amphotericin B (Sigma), and 1% gentamicin (Gibco) for transport.

Raredon M.S., Rocco K.A., Gheorghe C.P., Sivarapatna A., Ghaedi M., Balestrini J.L., Raredon T.L., Calle E.A, & Niklason L.E. (2016). Biomimetic Culture Reactor for Whole-Lung Engineering. BioResearch Open Access, 5(1), 72-83.

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Vasodilator Compounds and Tissue Preparation

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Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), acetylcholine (ACh), phenylephrine (PE), wortmannin, PP2, nitro-L-arginine (NLA) and indomethacin were purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rhy was obtained from Fengshanjian Company (Kunming, China). indomethacin (10⁻⁵ M) was prepared with equimolar Na₂CO₃ in distilled water. Rhy was dissolved in hydrochloric acid (0.1 M) to a concentration of 0.1 M, and diluted in distilled water for further usage (Hao et al., 2014 (link)). SNP, ACh, and PE were dissolved in distilled water. wortmannin and PP2 were prepared in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO).

Hao H.F., Liu L.M., Pan C.S., Wang C.S., Gao Y.S., Fan J.Y, & Han J.Y. (2017). Rhynchophylline Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction via Src-PI3K/Akt-eNOS Cascade in the Cultured Intrarenal Arteries of Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats. Frontiers in Physiology, 8, 928.

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Vasodilation Mechanisms Explored

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All chemicals used in the study were commercially available at high purity. Theophylline, L-NAME, methylene blue, ODQ, sodium nitroprusside, isoproterenol, bromo-cGMP, phenylephrine, and acetylcholine were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Anti-phospho-eNOS (Ser1177 and Thr495) and anti-eNOS antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology and BD Biosciences (Franklin, NJ, USA), respectively. ODQ was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; final DMSO concentration in the organ bath: 0.1%).

Park K.E., Lee S., Bae S.I., Hwang Y., Ok S.H., Ahn S.H., Sim G., Chung S, & Sohn J.T. (2023). Theophylline-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation is mediated by increased nitric oxide release and phosphodiesterase inhibition in rat aorta. General physiology and biophysics, 42(6).

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Vasoactive Compound Preparation Protocol

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Resveratrol, STZ, noradrenaline, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were purchased from the Sigma Chemical Company. All serial dilutions of noradrenaline, acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were made using distilled water. Reagents and chemicals utilised in the preparation of buffers were of analytical grade and purchased from the Sigma Chemical Company and Thermo Fisher Scientific.

Phyu H.E., Irwin J.C., Vella R.K, & Fenning A.S. (2016). Resveratrol shows neuronal and vascular-protective effects in older, obese, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The British journal of nutrition, 115(11).

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Mechanisms of Nicotinic Skin Vasodilation

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Mechanisms of nicotinic skin vasodilation and sweating 10 balanced manner to receive 1) lactated Ringer (Control, Baxter), 2) 10 mM N G -nitro-Larginine (Sigma-Aldrich), a non-selective NOS inhibitor, 3) 10 mM ketorolac, a nonselective COX inhibitor (Sigma-Aldrich), or 4) a combination of the NOS and COX inhibitors. These concentrations were determined from previous studies in which intradermal microdialysis was employed in human skin for N G -nitro-L -arginine (Medow et al. 2007 (link)) and ketorolac (Holowatz et al. 2005; (link)Kellogg et al. 2005) (link). Each drug was continuously perfused at a rate of 4.0 µl min -1 for at least 75 min to ensure the establishment of each blockade. Perfusion continued for the entire experimental protocol until the measurement of maximal cutaneous vasodilation was conducted (see below).
A 10-min baseline period (Baseline) followed the ≥75 min period wherein the inhibitors were administrated. Then nicotine administration was performed in the same manner of protocol 1. Nicotine solutions were made in combination with the site-specific pharmacological agents with a pH of 6.5. After the nicotine administration protocol, 50 mM of sodium nitroprusside (Sigma-Aldrich) administration was initiated to obtain maximal cutaneous vasodilation as with the protocol 1.

Fujii N., Louie J.C., McNeely B.D., Amano T., Nishiyasu T, & Kenny G.P. (2017). Mechanisms of nicotine-induced cutaneous vasodilation and sweating in young adults: roles for K_Ca, K_ATP, and K_V channels, nitric oxide, and prostanoids. Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme, 42(5).

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Antioxidant Analysis of Phytochemicals

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All chemicals and solvents used were of analytical grade. Rutin, gallic acid, Folin–Ciocalteu reagent, methanol, N-N-dimethyl ρ-nitrosoamine, histidine, naphthylethylenediaminedihydrochloride, sodium nitroprusside, 2 deoxy D-ribose were obtained from Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA through Analytical Instrument Pvt Ltd., Colombo, Sri Lanka.

Gunathilake K.D., Ranaweera K.K, & Rupasinghe H.P. (2018). Effect of Different Cooking Methods on Polyphenols, Carotenoids and Antioxidant Activities of Selected Edible Leaves. Antioxidants, 7(9), 117.

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Measuring Retinal Arteriole Reactivity ex vivo

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Retinal arteriole reactivity was measured in isolated retinas using video microscopy as previously described [23 (link),24 (link)]. First, mice were sacrificed by CO₂ exposure and one eye per mouse was isolated and transferred into cold Krebs-Henseleit buffer. After preparation of the ophthalmic artery and isolation of the retina, the ophthalmic artery was canulated and the retina placed onto a transparent plastic platform. Next, retinal arterioles were pressurized by raising a reservoir connected to the micropipette to a level corresponding to 50 mmHg. Then, first-order retinal arterioles were imaged under brightfield conditions. After an equilibration period of 30 min, concentration-response curves for the thromboxane mimetic, U46619 (10⁻¹¹ to 10⁻⁶ M; Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), were conducted. The arterioles were then preconstricted to 50–70% of the initial luminal diameter by titration of U46619, and responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁴ M; Sigma-Aldrich, Taufkirchen, Germany) and the endothelium-independent nitric oxide (NO) donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻⁴ M; Sigma-Aldrich), were measured.

Musayeva A., Unkrig J.C., Zhutdieva M.B., Manicam C., Ruan Y., Laspas P., Chronopoulos P., Göbel M.L., Pfeiffer N., Brochhausen C., Daiber A., Oelze M., Li H., Xia N, & Gericke A. (2021). Betulinic Acid Protects from Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in the Mouse Retina. Cells, 10(9), 2440.

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