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10 protocols using ap106p

1

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Autophagy Markers

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Antibodies against cathepsin B (R&D Systems, AF965), cathepsin D (Santa Cruz, sc-6486), cathepsin L (R&B Systems, AF1515), p62 (MBL, PM045), LC3 (Cell Signaling Technology, 2775 and 43566S), ULK1 (Sigma, A7481), LAMP2 (Sigma, L0668), Rab7 (Sigma, R8779), Becn1 (Santa Cruz, 11427), Akt (Cell Signaling Technology, 9272), Actin (Sigma, A5060), F4/80 (AbD Serotec, MCAP497), CD11b (Abcam, ab133357), CD138 (BD Biosciences, 553712) and Collagen- I (Abcam, ab34710) were used as primary antibodies in this study. The secondary antibodies used in this study were anti-rabbit (GE Healthcare, NA9340) (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 712-035-153 and 711-035-152), anti-mouse (Jackson ImmunoResearch, 115-035-146) and anti-goat (CHEMICON INTERNATIONAL, AP106P).
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2

Engineered FXII Protein Expression

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EcoRI-restriction sites were inserted by site-directed mutagenesis 5′- and 3′-terminal of each domain and the assigned sequence was excised. Transient transfection of vectors coding for FXII_fl and FXII mutants into HEK293 (ATCC: CRL-3216), HepG2 (ATCC: BT-8065), or CHO-K1 (ATCC: CCL-61) cells was done using Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Scientific), according to the manufacturer’s instructions. 48 h after transfection, cell supernatants were collected and concentrated (Amicon Ultra centrifugal filter, 30 K, Millipore). Transfected cells were lysed with Laemmli buffer. Supernatant and cell lysate were analysed for FXII expression by western blotting with goat polyclonal anti-FXII antibody (1:1000) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-coupled anti-goat antibody (1:5000, Chemicon, AP106P).
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3

Western Blot Analysis of Liver Tumor Organoids

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Liver tumor organoids were lysed using sample buffer [62.5 mM Tris-HCl, pH 6.8, 34.7 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 5% β-mercaptoethanol, and 10% glycerol], sonicated, boiled for 5 min, subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore). Sonication was performed using a VCX 500 sonicator (Sonics, Newtown, CT, USA) with 20% amplitude for 4 s in a 1 s-on/1 s-off mode. The membrane was blocked with 5% skim milk in Tris-HCl-buffered saline containing 0.05% Tween 20 (TBST) for 30 min and incubated overnight at 4 °C with primary antibodies against TRAIL (AF375; R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MA, USA), cleaved caspase-3 (CC3, MAB835; R&D Systems), caspase-3 (pro-C3, MAB707; R&D Systems), and GAPDH (sc47724; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). The membrane was washed thrice for 5 min with TBST and incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (7074S and 7076S; Cell signaling Technology Danvers, MA, USA, or AP106P; Millipore) for 1 h. After washing thrice with TBST, the bands were visualized using EZ-Western Lumi Pico or Femto (Dogen, Seoul, Republic of Korea) and recorded using a ChemiDoc XRS+ System with Image LabTM software Version 5.2.1 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA, USA).
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4

Protein Extraction and Immunoblot Analysis

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To isolate proteins, samples were lysed in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, 0.1% SDS (Sigma Aldrich, L3771), 1% NP-40 (Sigma Aldrich, NP-40S), 0.25% sodium deoxycholate (Sigma Aldrich, D6750), 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM sodium fluoride, 1 mM Na3VO4) with a protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Life Science, 11 697 498 001). For immunoblot analysis, proteins were electrophoresed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels and transferred onto PVDF membranes. The membranes were blocked with 4% skim milk (BD Difco, 232100) in Tris-buffered saline (TBS; 50 mM Tris-Cl, 150 mM NaCl, pH 7.5) containing 0.5% Tween-20 (Sigma Aldrich, P1379; TBST) and subsequently incubated with anti-PRDX1 (Abcam, ab41906), anti-PRDX2 (AbFrontier, LF-PA0007), anti-PRDX3 (AbFrontier, LF-PA0030), anti-PRDX4 (AbFrontier, LF-PA0009), anti-NR1H3/LXRα (Abcam, ab41902), anti-LC3B (Cell Signaling Technology, 2775), anti-SQSTM1/p62 (Abcam, ab56416), anti-CD36 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-9154), anti-LMNB/laminB (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, sc-6217) and anti-GAPDH (Santa Cruz Biothechnology, sc-25778) primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibody (Millipore, AP106P, AP124P and AP124P). Immunoreactive bands were detected with ECL™ western blotting reagents (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, RPN2106).
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5

Activation of IL-27 Signaling Pathway

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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; from Escherichia coli 0127:B8) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Recombinant human cytokine IL-27 was purchased from R&D Systems. Antibody against IL-27RA (Novus Cat# NBP1-02708, RRID:AB_2125066) was purchased from Novus. Anti-phospho-STAT1(Y701) (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9171, RRID:AB_331591), anti-phospho-STAT3(Y705) (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 4113, RRID:AB_2198588), anti-STAT1 (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9172, RRID:AB_2198300), and anti-STAT3 (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9132, RRID:AB_331588) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology. Anti-TLR4 (Abcam Cat# ab13556, RRID:AB_300457), anti-IL-6 (Abcam Cat# 1457-1, RRID:AB_562150), and anti-IL-8 (Abcam Cat# ab34100, RRID:AB_775629) antibodies were purchased from Abcam. Beta(β)-actin (Millipore Cat# MABT825, RRID:AB_2571580) and horseradish peroxidase linked anti-rabbit (Millipore Cat# AP307P, RRID:AB_92641), anti-mouse (Millipore Cat# AP308P, RRID:AB_92635) and anti-goat (Millipore Cat# AP106P, RRID:AB_92411) secondary antibodies were purchased from Millipore. Secondary antibodies for IHC were from Dako.
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6

Protein Expression Analysis via Western Blot

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Protein samples were isolated from differentiated cells with different drugs using RIPA buffer and transferred from the SDS-PAGE to nitrocellulose membrane (Millipore) for electroblotting. Proteins were detected with affinity-purified antibody against FoxA2 (1:1000; ab4874, Abcam), Sox17 (1:1000; GT 15094, Neuromics). Membranes were incubated in the primary antibodies overnight at 4 °C. HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies included HRP-anti rabbit IgG (1:10,000; 12-348, Millipore) and HRP-anti goat IgG (1:10,000; AP106P, Millipore). Gapdh or β-actin were used as loading controls.
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7

Neuronal Cell Culture Immunostaining and Blotting

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All drugs and reagents were from Sigma unless otherwise indicated. The main reagents were as follows: Neurobasal medium (Gibco), B27 Supplement (Gibco), Sulfo-NHS-LC-Biotin (Thermo Scientific), NeutrAvidin Agarose Resins (Thermo Scientific), recombinant human BDNF (R&D System), and K252a (Tocris).
The antibodies used for western blotting were ASIC1a (1:500, sc-13905, Santa Cruz) and GAPDH (1:2000, KC-5G4, KangChen). The HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies used for western blotting were goat anti-rabbit IgG (1:2000, AP132P, Millipore), rabbit anti-mouse IgG (1:2000, AP160P, Millipore), and rabbit anti-goat IgG (1:2000, AP106P, Millipore). The primary antibodies used for immunostaining were GFP (1:1000, A10262, Invitrogen), HA (1:1000, 901501, BioLegend), DsRed (1:1000, 632496, Clontech), and PSD-95 (1:1000, ab13552, Abcam). The secondary antibodies used for immunostaining were donkey anti-human IgG DyLight 550 (1:1000, SA5-10127, ThermoFisher), donkey anti-human IgG DyLight 488 (1:1000, SA5-10126, ThermoFisher), donkey anti-mouse IgG Alexa 647 (1:1000, 715-605-150, Jackson ImmunoResearch), donkey anti-rabbit IgG Alexa 568 (1:1000, A10042, Invitrogen), and goat anti-chicken IgG Alexa 488 (1:1000, A11039, Invitrogen).
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8

Immunoblotting for Cellular Proteins

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ß-Actin (AC14) (abcam, Cambridge, UK; AB6276, 1:20,000 dilution), PARP1 (Proteintech, Rosemont, IL, USA; 66250, 1:650 dilution), PAR/pADR (R&D systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA; 4335-MC-100, 1:1000 dilution), goat anti-mouse (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA; AP124P, 1:4000 dilution), goat anti-rabbit (Millipore, Burlington, MA, USA; AP156P, 1:10,000 dilution) and rabbit anti-goat (Millipore, AP106P, 1/4000 dilution).
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9

Quantitative Western Blot Analysis of Neuromuscular Junction Proteins

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Human myotubes were lysed in 50 mM Tris–HCL, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM NaF, 10 mM Na4P2O4, 1 mM Na3VO4, 1% NP40 and protease inhibitor (Roche, Basel, Switzerland). Protein concentrations were determined using bicinchoninic acid assays. Protein lysates were resolved by SDS-PAGE (8% or 12% acrylamide/bis acrylamide) and were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane by wet transfer. Membranes were blocked in 5% (w/v) skim milk in TBST (10 mM Tris–HCL, pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20) and incubated with primary antibodies to MuSK, LRP-4, anti-Dok7 and Cav3 overnight at 4 °C. Membranes were then incubated with appropriate HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies (HRP anti-mouse [Sigma-Aldrich, Merck-Milllipore 12-348] or HRP anti-rabbit [Sigma-Aldrich, Merck-Millipore AP106P] in 1% (w/v) skim milk in TBST) for 1 h at room temperature. Enhanced chemiluminescence detection was conducted in a mix of Clarity and Clarity Max substrate solution from Bio-Rad (ratio 1:1). Chemiluminescence was imaged on a LI-COR Odyssey, and densitometrical values of bands were quantified arbitrarily using the Image Studio Software (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln Neb, USA). Anti-Tubulin was used as the loading control for the normalization of all lanes. Antibody details are listed in Additional file 1: Table S4 (Additional file 1: online resource 2).
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10

Phosphorylation-Specific EphA2 Antibody Validation

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EphA2 antibodies were from EMD Millipore (05-480 clone D7; Billerica, MA), Thermo Fisher Scientific (34-7400), Santa Cruz Biotechnology (SC-924; Dallas, TX), and R&D Systems (AF3035); antibodies to EphA2 phospho-S897 were from Cell Signaling Technology (6347; Danvers, MA) and Cell Applications (CY1108; San Diego, CA); antibodies to EphA2 phospho-Y588 (12677), CREB phospho-S133 (9196S), CREB (9197S), AKT phospho-S473 (4056S), and AKT (9272S) were from Cell Signaling Technology; the PY20 phosphotyrosine–horseradish peroxidase (HRP) antibody (610012) was from BD Biosciences (Franklin Lakes, NJ); the anti–β-tubulin antibody (T0198) was from Sigma-Aldrich; and the hemagglutinin (HA) antibody (MMS-101R, HA.11 clone 16B12) was from Covance (San Diego, CA). Secondary HRP-conjugated antibodies against rabbit (AP307PMI), mouse (AP124PMI), and goat (AP106P) were from EMD Millipore. The anti-FLAG M2 affinity gel (A2220) was from Sigma-Aldrich.
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