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5 protocols using sodium nitrate

1

Carbohydrate Assay Reagent Preparation

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Standards d-glucose (>99.5% purity) and sulfanilic acid (>99% purity) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Saint Louis, MO, USA), sodium nitrate (>99% purity) from Scharlab (Barcelona, Spain) and bovine serum albumin (Quick Start BSA) from Bio-Rad Laboratories (Hercules, CA, USA). All other chemicals used were reagent grade: ethylenedinitrilotetraacetic acid disodium salt, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, Triton-X100, dinitrosalicylic acid, sodium potassium tartrate tetrahydrate and methanol were supplied by Sigma-Aldrich and chloroform, sodium hydroxide, 98% sulfuric acid and 48% hydrofluoric acid were purchased from Sharlab.
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2

Preparation and Characterization of Ion Exchange Membranes

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Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 14%), sodium hydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl2∙2H2O), magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (MgSO4∙7H2O), sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3), potassium nitrate (KNO3), sodium nitrate (NaNO3), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2∙6H2O), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4∙2H2O), boric acid (H3BO3, 0.5%), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 30%), and chloride acid (HCl, 0.1 M) were purchased from Scharlab S.L., Barcelona, Spain. The ultrapure water (Milli-Q) used in the experiments was obtained from Millipore, Molsheim, France, equipment (conductivity less than 0.055 µS cm−1).
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC, Mw 112,000 g mol−1) was supplied by ATOCHEM, Madrid, Spain. Tetrahydrofuran (THF) was purchased from Scharlab S.L. Amberlite® IRA-402 (Cl form, total exchange capacity ≥ 1.0 mol L−1) was supplied by Merck Life Science, Darmstadt, Germany, S.L.U.
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3

Anion Exchange Resin Characterization

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Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO, 14%), tetrahydrofuran (THF), sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and sodium nitrate (NaNO3) were purchased from Scharlab S.L., Barcelona, Spain Polyvinylchloride (PVC, Mw = 112,000 g·mol−1) was supplied by ATOCHEM S.A., Madrid, Spain. Amberlite® IRA-402 and Lewatit® Sybron Ionac® SR-7 anion exchange resins were supplied by Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany. Purolite® A600/9413 anion exchange resin was supplied by MemBrain® s.r.o., Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic. The characteristics of the anion exchange resins are reported in Table 1. MilliQ water was used throughout the experiments.
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4

Graphene-Based Biosensor Fabrication

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CytopTM (CTL-809M) and the fluorinated solvent CT-Solv.180 were purchased from Asashi Glass Co (Tokyo, Japan). Graphite was from International Laboratory, USA (South San Francisco, CA, USA). AZ P4620 photoresist was from MicroChemicals GmbH (Ulm, Germany). Sodium nitrate and hydrogen peroxide were from Scharlab S. L (Barcelona, Spain). Sulfuric acid (98%) was from RCI Labscan Limited (Bangkok, Thailand). Hydrochloric acid was from Fisher Scientific (Waltham, MA, USA). Potassium permanganate, ZONYL FSO-100 fluorosurfactant, trichloro (1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perfluorooctyl) silane (97%) were from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). β-human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-hCG) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled anti-β-hCG were from Abcam (Cambridge, UK). Mesenchymal stem cells were from mouse bone marrow (Astarte Biologics, Inc., Bothell, WA, USA). Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered saline (DPBS 1X), minimum essential medium (MEM) alpha (1X), and trypsin were from Gibco (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA).
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5

Graphite Oxide Synthesis and Characterization

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Graphite oxide
was purchased from
Abalonyx (product 1.8, CAS 1034343-98-0). According to the provider,
the GO material was prepared using a slightly modified Hummers method.
The characterization by XPS, XRD, and FTIR confirmed that the material
is standard HGO. The C/O = 1.99 ratio was determined using XPS (C/O
= 2.25 not taking into account oxygen from sulfate groups). Trace
amounts of nitrogen and Si were also detected as impurities.
According to our characterization, the GO confirms that all properties
of this material are typical for standard HGO. Sodium nitrate was
bought from Scharlab (CAS 7631-99-4), and sulfuric acid was purchased
from Merck (95–97% concentration, CAS 7664-93-9). Potassium
permanganate (CAS 7722-64-7), hydrogen peroxide (30% concentration,
CAS 7722-84-1), and hydrochloric acid (37% concentration, CAS 7647-01-0)
were all purchased from VWR Chemicals. The methylene blue used for
characterization was bought from Sigma-Aldrich (CAS 122965–43-9).
The reference sample of porous templated carbon with a BET surface
area of ∼2000 m2/g was purchased from ACS Material.
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