Nanowizard 4a afm

L. delbrueckii used for AFM were grown overnight and fixed for 10 min with 0.25% glutaraldehyde. The cells were then pelleted and washed three times with water. The fixed cells were then incubated overnight without or with ∼4 × 10⁶ or ∼8 × 10⁶L. acidophilus MVs. Samples were dried onto mica discs mounted on standard glass microscope slides and rinsed by immersion in deionized water to remove salts, then dried again. Samples were imaged using a JPK NanoWizard 4a AFM equipped with a Tap300Al-G tip in AC mode, recording height, lock-in phase, and lock-in amplitude channels. Image processing was performed using JPK Data Processing Software.

Atomic Force Microscopy was performed on both the nanocellulose sheets and the buckypaper to characterize their morphology. A Digital Instruments Dimension 3100 AFM was used to characterize the nanocellulose samples, while a JPK Instruments NanoWizard® 4a AFM was used for the Buckypaper. For the Digital Instruments AFM, we used triangular Si₃N₄ microcantilevers (Nanoprobe, Veeco) and for the JPK Instruments AFM, we used Tap 300A-1-G probe tips from Budget Sensors.