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10 protocols using clarithromycin

1

Antibacterial Drug Stability Evaluation

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Daptomycin (Cubicin® Novartis Inc. Spain) was generously provided by the manufacturer. Teicoplanin (Targocid® Marion-Merrel S.A. Spain), clarithromycin (Klacid® Abbot Laboratories S.A.), and gentamicin (Normon S.A. Spain) were commercially purchased as drug powder (Teicoplanin and clarithromycin) or as 20 mg/mL IV solution (gentamicin). Ethanol was commercially purchased as 70 % dilution (Lab. Reig Jofré. S.A. Spain). Drug powders were reconstituted following the CLSI guidelines [34 ].
Susceptibility testing was performed using e-test methodology but for DAP that was performed by microdilution following CLSI guidelines [34 ]. Mueller Hinton broth supplemented with 50 μg/ml calcium, and 12.5 μg/ml magnesium (SMHB) was used for susceptibility testing involving DAP.
Tryptic Soy Broth supplemented with 1 % glucose (TSBg) was used for biofilm growth.
To evaluate drug stability, each solution was incubated over 72 h, and then evaluated for physical compatibility by particulate formation, colour change, or gas evolution [31 (link)–33 (link)]. All drug-combinations maintained their initial conditions and were considered stable.
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2

Antimicrobial Compound Sourcing

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Amoxicillin, oxacillin, and vancomycin were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Azithromycin was provided by Pfizer, Inc. (New York, NY, USA). Clarithromycin was provided by Abbott Laboratories (Abbott Park, IL, USA.)
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3

MIC Evaluation of Antimicrobials

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The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the following antimicrobial agents were tested: clarithromycin (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA), amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline, levofloxacin, rifabutin, and furazolidone (all from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA).
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4

Clarithromycin and Curcumin Bioactivity

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Chemicals (Clarithromycin from Abbott EPC, curcumin from Sigma-Aldrich); others chemicals and reagents utilized in the following examinations and biological experiments were received at analytical standard grade (Sigma-Aldrich), and appropriated externally additional purification.
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5

Helicobacter pylori Resistance Evolution

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Helicobacter pylori ATCC 43504 and H. pylori HPM001 strains were subjected to 14 consecutive serial passages in increasing malonic acid concentrations. Similarly, serial passage in increasing clarithromycin (Abbott, United States) concentrations as a comparator (Abadi, 2016 (link)) was performed according to Haas and colleagues with modifications (Haas et al., 1990 (link)). Briefly, broth microdilution testing was performed for malonic acid and clarithromycin against the tested H. pylori strains. Following incubation, a subculture from the well-containing ½ of the MIC of each drug onto Columbia agar plates supplemented with 5% sheep blood, and DENT supplement was done. The plates were incubated for 72 h at 37°C under microaerophilic conditions. At the end of incubation period, colonies (considered as P0) were suspended in saline to reach an optical density equivalent to 2.0 McFarland turbidity standard, and the process of MIC determination was repeated using P0 colonies as inoculum. The process was repeated for 14 consecutive serial passages.
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6

Antimicrobial Susceptibility of H. pylori

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The MIC values of amoxicillin (Sigma Chemical Co., St Louis, MO, USA), clarithromycin (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL, USA), metronidazole (Sigma), tetracycline (Sigma), ciprofloxacin (Sigma), moxifloxacin (Sigma), and levofloxacin (Sigma) against H. pylori isolates were confirmed 3 times in triplicates using the serial 2-fold agar dilution method as described previously (3 (link), 8 ). Briefly, bacteria were subcultured on Mueller-Hinton agar that was supplemented with 5% defibrinated sheep blood for 48 hr. The bacterial suspension, adjusted to McFarland no. 2 (6×108 colony-forming units/mL), was inoculated directly onto each antibiotic-containing agar dilution plate. After 72 hr of incubation, the MIC of each antibiotic was determined. Quality control was performed using H. pylori ATCC 43504 (8 ). Resistant breakpoints of MICs for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, and fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin) were defined as >0.5, >1.0, >8.0, >4.0, and >1.0 µg/mL, respectively (8 , 9 (link)).
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7

Antibiotic Acquisition and Provision

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Amoxicillin (AMX), oxacillin (OXA), vancomycin (VAN) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., ST. Louis, Missouri, USA. Linezolid (LNZ) was provided by Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI, USA. Azithromycin (AZM) was provided by Pfizer, USA. Clarithromycin (CLR) was provided by Abbott Laboratories, USA.
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8

Clarithromycin and Curcumin Bioactivity

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Chemicals (Clarithromycin from Abbott EPC, curcumin from Sigma-Aldrich); others chemicals and reagents utilized in the following examinations and biological experiments were received at analytical standard grade (Sigma-Aldrich), and appropriated externally additional purification.
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9

Peptic Ulcer Treatment in T2DM Patients

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Peptic ulcer patients with T2DM were treated with 10 mg glipizide daily (Pfizer, Inc., New York, NY, USA) to lower the blood glucose levels, and patients with characteristics of hematemesis or hematochezia were treated with daily injections of 8 units novolin (Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark). Omeprazole (20 mg; Hainan Haili Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Haikou, China) was administered as an antiulcer proton pump inhibitor for 8 weeks in peptic ulcer patients with or without T2DM. In addition, H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer patients was treated with a combination of amoxicillin (0.5 g every 8 h; CSPC Pharmaceutical Group, Shijiazhuang, China), clarithromycin (250 mg every 12 h; Abbott Laboratories, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) and metronidazole (1.2 g daily; Novartis, Basel, Switzerland) for 2 weeks. This treatment regimen was maintained for 8 weeks.
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10

Comprehensive Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Compounds

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Remdesivir (RDV), GS704277, THC, CBD, CBN, hydroxychloroquine were purchased from Cayman Chemical (Ann Arbor, MI). Azithromycin was purchased from Pfizer Inc. (New York NY). Erythromycin, clarithromycin was purchased from Abbott Laboratories Inc. (Chicago, IL). Dexamethasone, trimethoprim, ivermectin ciprofloxacin, roxithromycin, vancomycin, aripiprazole, ziprasidone, and phenacetin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Inc. (St. Louis, MO). Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. (Waltham, MA). All other chemicals and reagents were of the highest analytical grade and were commercially available.
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