Spss statistics for windows version 16

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SPSS Statistics for Windows, version 16.0 is a statistical software package developed by IBM. It is designed to analyze and manipulate data. The software provides a range of statistical analysis tools and capabilities for data management, visualization, and reporting.

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59 protocols using spss statistics for windows version 16

Randomized Controlled Trial on Primary Outcome

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The sample size was calculated by power and sample size calculator. To detect a 20% difference in the primary outcome between the compared groups with a standard deviation of 25% (estimated from initial pilot observations), 80% power and 5% alpha error (two-sided); a sample size of 26 per group was required. We selected 30 patients per group to compensate for dropouts. Randomization was achieved with the help of computer-generated randomization and concealment via sealed opaque envelope technique. The patient as well as investigator carrying out observation was blinded to group allocation.
The statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The continuous variables were compared by one-way analysis of variance test. Discrete variables were compared by Fisher's exact test/Chi-square test, whichever appropriate. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Singh A.P., Singh D., Singh Y, & Jain G. (2015). Postoperative analgesic efficacy of epidural tramadol as adjutant to ropivacaine in adult upper abdominal surgeries. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches, 9(3), 369-373.

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Survival Analysis of Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty

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Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables with normal distribution, and as median and interquartile range for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages (%). Differences in continuous variables such as hemodynamic parameters, were compared using the paired t-test for normally distributed variables and the Wilcoxon paired test for non-normally distributed variables. Categorical variables were expressed as number and percentage and were compared using the χ² test for independence or Fisher’s exact test. The Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate overall survival. For the survival analysis, the date of first BPA session was used as the start point to determine length of survival. The cut-off date was 10 February 2022. The Kaplan–Meier curve was supplemented by the proportion surviving at analyzed times. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant in this study. Data were analyzed using the SPSS version 16.0. (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0. Armonk, NY, USA)

Karyofyllis P., Demerouti E., Giannakoulas G., Anthi A., Arvanitaki A., Athanassopoulos G., Feloukidis C., Iakovou I., Kostelidou T., Mitrouska I., Mouratoglou S.A., Orfanos S.E., Pappas C., Pitsiou G., Tsetika E.G., Tsiapras D., Voudris V, & Manginas A. (2022). Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty in Patients with Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension in Greece: Data from the Hellenic Pulmonary Hypertension Registry. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(8), 2211.

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Statistical Analysis of Qualitative Data

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The IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp was used to statistically analyze the acquired data. The qualitative data were compared using the Chi-square test (χ²). When P < 0.05, the test findings were considered significant.

Vivek S., Varghese S., Ratheesh R, & Raghu K. (2022). Nurses as Warriors: Challenges and Impacts among Kerala Nurses during Coronavirus Disease-2019 Pandemic. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 14(Suppl 1), S439-S443.

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Examining PCOS with Statistical Analyses

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Statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.). The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality of the data. The differences in continuous data between study groups were analyzed using the Independent t-test and ANOVA tests or their equal non-parametric tests in the case of skewed data. The Chi-Square test was used to compare the groups in case of categorical data. The correlation between leptin and sOB-R was analyzed by the Pearson correlation test. A binary logistic regression model was used to investigate the simultaneous effect of the variables on the PCOS. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the effects of variables between the PCOS, PCOS-infertile and PCOS-RPL groups. The significance level was considered as p<0.05.

Kargasheh F.B., Ansaripour S., Borumandnia N., Moradi N., Zandieh Z., Maleki M., Mokhtar S., Karimi A., Fatemi F., Kheirollahi A, & Vatannejad A. (2021). Association of leptin G2548A and leptin receptor Q223R polymorphisms and their serum levels with infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss in Iranian women with polycystic ovary syndrome. PLoS ONE, 16(8), e0255920.

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Quantifying Cytokine Levels in Immune Response

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All the details were entered into the Microsoft Excel datasheet. The result was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0. (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). The unit of measurement was picogram, and values are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Student's t-test was applied to compare results before and after the intervention at different intervals. One-way analysis of variance was used for category-wise analysis of response. P < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant.

Pandey A., Singh A., Ali W., Srivastava A., Gupta A., Kureel S.N., Rawat J, & Wakhlu A. (2020). Evaluation of Effect of Propranolol on Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 Levels in Infantile Hemangioma. Journal of Indian Association of Pediatric Surgeons, 25(2), 96-102.

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Multivariate Analysis of Research Quadrants

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Statistical analysis was performed using MS Excel and IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Pearson correlation and two-tailed student's t-test was performed to verify the statistical significance at 95 and 99% confidence level. The single link dendrogram based on euclidean distance (z-scores standardized) was plotted to understand the hierarchical clustering of studied quadrants.

Selim A., Bari E., Rahaman M.H, & Rahman M.M. (2021). Phytosociology and biodiversity of roadside herbs in a salinity-affected coastal area of Bangladesh. Heliyon, 7(8), e07813.

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Cardiovascular Biostatistics Protocol

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Statistical testing was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0 (Armonk, NY, USA: IBM Corp). Sample size was calculated after consideration to detect an intergroup difference of at least 10% in blood pressure and HR with a power of 0.80 and α of 0.05. Data were expressed as mean values ± standard deviation. The patient characteristics (nonparametric data) was analyzed using the “Chi-square tests or Fisher's exact test as appropriate” and the inter group comparison of the parametric data were done using the Student's t-test. The value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Goyal S., Gupta K.K, & Mahajan V. (2017). A Comparative Evaluation of Intravenous Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in Breast Cancer Surgery: A Prospective, Randomized, and Controlled Trial. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches, 11(3), 611-616.

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Analyzing Depression and Facebook Usage

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Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 16.0 (IBM Corp). Correlation analysis between depression and resorting to Facebook, along with sociodemographics, was performed using the chi-square test for which we calculated the P value and Cramer's V value, which is the appropriate measure of association. We performed t tests to show the predisposition to depression concerning gender. Furthermore, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to determine the significance of the relationship between resorting to Facebook and depression, the variability of depression among the different academic years, as well as determining a significant difference between each FbRQ category. Moreover, multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between different variables in the study for which we calculated the R²value, which reflects the degree of correlation, and the F statistic, which tells us if the model is a good fit. Statistical significance for hypothesis testing was set at 5% (P<.05).

Naja W.J., Kansoun A.H, & Haddad R.S. (2016). Prevalence of Depression in Medical Students at the Lebanese University and Exploring its Correlation With Facebook Relevance: A Questionnaire Study. JMIR Research Protocols, 5(2), e96.

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Evaluating Arousal Time Difference

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The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0 (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Considering a difference of 30% regarding the arousal time to be clinically significant and taking an α error of 0.05 and power of the study (1-β) to be 80%, the number of patients was calculated to be 44 in each group. The inclusion of 60 patients in each group was done for better validation of results. P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The patient characteristics (nonparametric data) was analyzed using the “Chi-square tests” and the inter group comparison of the parametric data was done using the Student's t-test.

Kaur S., Gupta K.K., Singh A., S.u.n.i.t.a, & Baghla N. (2016). Arousal from sedation in lower abdominal surgeries under spinal anesthesia: Comparison between dexmedetomidine and clonidine. Anesthesia, Essays and Researches, 10(1), 98-103.

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Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Analysis

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All the statistical analyses were carried out by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version-16) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 16.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp. The levels of MDA and AO followed normal distribution. Therefore, parametric paired sample t-test was applied. The significance was set at P < 0.05 (two-tailed).

Talukdar P.M., Reddy P.V., Bhargav P.H., Subbanna M., Karmani S., Arasappa R., Subramanian G.V., Kesavan M, & Debnath M. (2024). Long-term Add-on Yoga Therapy Modulates Oxidative Stress Pathway and Offers Clinical Benefits in Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Yoga, 16(3), 180-184.

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