Fts 6000

The Rh and Ru contents in samples were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (X7, Thermo Electron Corporation). The specific surface area (SSA) of samples were determined at liquid N₂ temperature with the BET method (BET, JW-K); phase structures of catalysts were characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD, Rigaku D/Max-2500 X-ray diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation). The morphology and microstructure of samples were observed with Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM, 100 kV, JEM-2100) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, 25 kV, X-650). The chemical states of Rh and Ru in catalysts were determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using an Al X-ray source (Al Kα-150 W, Kratos Axia Ultra DLA), and the binding energy was calibrated by taking C 1s peak at 284.6 eV as reference. The infrared spectra were recorded on an FT-IR spectrometer (USA, Bio-rad, FTS6000) in the spectral range 0–4000 cm⁻¹, KBr wafers were used and the weight percentage of the samples in KBr was about 0.5%. Before testing, all samples were placed in a 250 mL stainless steel autoclave reactor pressurized with CO (1.5 MPa) for 12 h.

¹H NMR spectra of three kinds of PEG-CPADB in CDCl₃, PEG-b-PAGA in D₂O, and PAAPBA-b-PDMDEA in CDCl₃/methanol-d₄ (v/v, 12:1) were measured on a Varian Unity-plus 400 NMR spectrometer. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) measurements were performed at 25 °C on waters 1525 to determine the molecular weight of PEG-CPADB in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and PEG-b-PAGA in H₂O. FT-IR spectra of PEG-b-PAGA and PAAPBA-b-PDMDEA were recorded on a Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTS-6000, Bio-Rad Co.).

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM, U8020, Japan) was used to examine the surface and cross-section morphologies of the membrane. The surface roughness of the membrane was examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM, MultiMode 8, Germany). The chemical bonds on the membrane surface were examined by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (ATR-FTIR, Bio-Rad FTS-6000, USA). Next, the chemical composition of the membrane surface was further examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PerkinElmer PHI 5000C ESCA System, USA) using an Mg Kα1,2 radiation source. The spectra were recorded over the range of 0 to 1200 eV. The water contact angles of the membranes were determined using a contact angle goniometer (Kruss Easy Drop, Germany) at room temperature. Finally, the surface zeta potential of the membrane was examined with an electrokinetic analyzer (Anton Paar GmbH, Austria). The electrokinetic analysis was performed with 1 mmol L⁻¹ KCl as the electrolyte solution. The pH of the electrolyte solution was adjusted using NaOH and HCl solutions.

Crystalline phase of the as-prepared samples was determined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD, PANalytical EMPYREAN) in the 2θ range of 10–80° using Cu Kα radiation. The morphologies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM, FEI Inspect F50) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM, FEI HELIOS NanoLab 600i). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, PHI Quantera II ESCA System) was performed to analyze the valence state of the element. The specific surface area and N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms were carried out from a surface area and pore size analyzer (Quantachrome Instruments) at 77 K. Thermogrametric analysis (TGA, TA Instruments, Q600) was measured to analyze the sulfur content in the compound. Phase analyses of carbon were measured by Raman spectroscopy (Bio-Rad FTS6000).
The electrochemical performances of the assembled half cells were measured using a Neware BTS-610 battery tester in the potential window of 1.7–2.8 V (vs. Li/Li⁺). The cycle voltammetry (CV) test were conducted on an electrochemical workstation (CHI660E) between 1.7 V and 2.8 V at a scan rate of 0.1 mV s⁻¹. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was acquired using the electrochemical workstation (Germany, ZenniumIM6). All electrochemical measures were done at room temperature.

The structures of ALG-PEG, Dox/ALG-PEG, Dox-ALG-PEG, ALG-PEG-TFT, Dox/ALG-PEG-TFT, and Dox-ALG-PEG-TFT were characterized using a UV–vis spectrophotometer (UV-4802H, Unic, US) and a FT-IR spectrometer (Bio-Rad FTS-6000, US). The size and surface charge (zeta potential) of the samples were measured at room temperature using Zetasizer Nano ZS90 (Malvern Instruments, UK). Before measurement, the samples were suspended in distilled water and subjected to ultrasound sonication (Branson 2510, 100 w) for 10 min. In order to obtain the loading capacity of Dox on Dox/ALG-PEG, Dox-ALG-PEG, Dox/ALG-PEG-TFT and Dox-ALG-PEG-TFT, absorbance of the samples at 480 nm were measured by Micro spectrophotometer (NSPL3488A/NSPL3276, Zeiss, US) and the absorbance of respective carrier (ALG-PEG or ALG-PEG-TFT) was subtracted, then the corresponding Dox concentration was calculated based on a standard curve of pure Dox at 480 nm.