Cyanidin 3 o arabinoside

Cyanidin (C), Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (CG), Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (CGA), Cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside (CA), Cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside (CR), and Cyanidin-3-5-diglucoside were purchased in Extrasynthese (Genay Cedax, France). Doxorubicin was obtained from Sequoia Research Products (Pangbourne, United Kingdom). The fluorescent probes, Hoechst 33342 nucleic acid, 3,3′-dipropylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (DiSC₃(5)), 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H₂DCF-DA), and propidium iodide (PI), were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, Massachusetts, USA. Oxidation inducer 2,2′-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH), 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT), Hank’s balanced salt solution (HBSS), antioxidant standard l(+) ascorbic acid (AA), and ionophore valinomycin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., Steinheim, Germany. FxCycle PI/RNase staining solution and the Dead Cell Apoptosis Kit with Annexin V FITC and PI were purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA. All other reagents were analytically pure.

The solvents used for extraction (methanol, acetonitrile and formic acid) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Company (St Louis, MO, USA). A Milli-Q purification system (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) was used to prepare high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) grade water. Standards of gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ellagic acid, ferulic acid, sinapic acid, quinic acid, syringic acid, chlorogenic acid, phloridzin, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, apigenin, epicatechin and catechin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Standards of quercetin rhamnoside, isoquercetin, rutin, robinin, isorhamnetin rutinoside, neohesperidin, quercetin galactoside, myricitrin, myricetin galactoside, epigallocatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, procyanidin B1, procyanidin B2, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, cyanin, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, and pelargonidin-3-O-glucoside chloride were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).
The reference standard mixture of 37 FAME (FAME mix 37) was acquired from Supelco (Sigma-Aldrich, Bellefonte, PA, USA); other reference standards were purchased from Matreya Inc. (Pleasant Gap, PA, USA): PUFA-2, a nonconjugated 18:2 isomer mixture of individual PUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid, (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (ARA), C18:3 cis-6,9,12, and C18:3 cis-9,12,15.

Authentic phenolic standards of chlorogenic acid, catechin, epicatechin, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-xyloside, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, kaempferol, eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, cyanidin-3-O-rhamnoside, and phloridzin were purchased from Extrasynthese (Genay, France) or Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sorbitol) and organic acids (citric acid, malic acid, and shikimic acid) were also purchased from Sigma-Aldrich. Acetonitrile (HPLC-grade) was obtained from J.T. Baker (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Nanopure water used in the study was obtained from a water purification system (Milli-Q Direct 8, Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA).

The solvents used in the research were analytical grade acetonitrile, MS grade formic acid, and MS grade trifluoracetic acid from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany), acetonitrile from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany), and 96.0% ethanol from AB Vilniaus Degtine (Vilnius, Lithuania). The ultrapure water was purified by Milli–Q^® (Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA) water purification system.
Standard substances of neochlorogenic acid (5-O-caffeoylquinic acid), chlorogenic acid (3-O-caffeoylquinic acid), (+)-catechin, cryptochlorogenic acid (4-O-caffeoylquinic acid), (–)-epicatechin, procyanidins A1, A2, B1, and B2, p-coumaric acid, isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-glucoside), guaiaverin (quercetin-3-O-arabinopyranoside), avicularin (quercetin-3-O-arabinofuranoside), quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside), afzelin (kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside), taurine, 17 amino acid mix solution, quercetin, and kaempferol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich; hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-galactoside), cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, and cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside were obtained from Extrasynthese (Genay, France).

Acetonitrile, formic acid, methanol, all-trans-β-carotene, α-carotene, all-trans-lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin, antheraxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, chlorophyll a, betulinic, oleanolic and ursolic acid, ABTS (2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), 2,4,6-tri(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine (TPTZ), methanol acetic acid, and phloroglucinol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). (−)-Epicatechin, (+)-catechin, procyanidin A2 and B2 chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, di-caffeic quinic acid, p-coumaric acid, 4-caffeoylquinic, kampferol-3-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-3-O-arabinoside, quercetin-3-O-xyloside, quercetin-deoxyhexo-hexoside caffeic acid, cyanidin-3-O-galactoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside, and cyanidin-3-O-xyloside were purchased from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). Acetonitrile for ultra-phase liquid chromatography (UPLC; Gradient grade) and ascorbic acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany).