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4 protocols using digital imaging system

1

Western Blot Analysis of Tight Junction Proteins

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After each treatment, the cell pellets were lysed in ice-cold RIPA buffer (Solarbio) containing PMSF. The cell lysates were centrifuged at 12,000 rpm at 4 °C to produce the whole cell extracts, and the protein concentration was quantified using the BCA protein assay kit (Solarbio). Sample loading buffer was added and boiled at 95 °C. Equal amounts of protein were separated on a 10% SDS-PAGE and subsequently transferred to PVDF membranes (Millipore). After blocking with 5% non-fat milk, the membranes were incubated at 4 °C overnight with primary antibodies against ZO-1 (1:300), claudin-5 (1:300) or GAPDH (1:5000), and further incubated with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies. The protein bands were washed and developed with enhanced chemiluminescence reagents (ECL, Vazyme Biotech, Nanjing, China) and scanned with the Kodak Digital Imaging System. The optical density (OD) values of each band were normalized to GAPDH using Image J software (version 1.37, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA).
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2

Cytochrome c Expression Analysis

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After treatment as above, the cells were harvested and lysed in RIPA buffer (1X) with cocktail protein inhibitors. The lysates were separated by 8–15% SDS-PAGE and electrotransferred to nitrocellulose membranes. For the detection of cytochrome c, mitochondria were separated from the cytosolic fraction using the Mitochondria-Cytosol isolation kit (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, China). The membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat milk and then incubated with primary antibody (1:1000) at room temperature for 2 h and further incubated with secondary antibody (1:1000) for 1 h. Then, the membranes were washed and visualised by enhanced chemiluminescent substrate and scanned with the Kodak Digital Imaging System. The bands were visualised using Carestream Molecular Imaging Software (Carestream Health, Inc., Rochester, NY, USA).
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3

Quantitative and Endpoint PCR Analysis

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For SYBR green quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), cDNA was transcribed from 0.5 µg of total RNA using Superscript III (Invitrogen). SYBR green reagents and huCK2α, huCK2α′ and (human glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase) huGAPDH normalization primers were obtained from SABiociences, and used as described (25 (link)).
For endpoint PCR, total RNA was isolated from spleens using TRIzol Reagent (Invitrogen). Total RNA (0.5 µg) was used as template to perform RT-PCR using Titan One Tube™ RT-PCR system (Roche Molecular Diagnostics). Primers used were: 5’-GTTGCTTCCCGATACTTCAAAGG-3’ (CK2α’, F), 5’-GAACCTTGGCTATCCTCACCAAC-3’ (CK2α’, R), 171 bp product; 5’-TCCTCGTGGACTATCAGATG-3’(CK2α’, F), 5’-AACCTTGGCAATGCGAAC-3’ (CK2α’, R) 140 bp product; 5’-CCCTTCATTGACCTCAAC-3’ (GAPDH, F) 5’-TTCACACCCATCACAAAC-3’ (GAPDH, R); 120 bp product. The PCR amplification included RT 50°C for 30 min, 94°°C for 4 min, 33 cycles of 94°°C, 45 sec; 55°C, 20 sec; 72°C, 45 sec with final 5 min extension at 72°C. For normalization, parallel RT-PCR reactions were performed with GAPDH primers using the same conditions. PCR products were separated by 1.0% agarose gel and stained with ethidium bromide. Images were acquired using a Kodak digital imaging system and quantitated using ImageJ.
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4

Western Blot and Cytokine Analysis of Macrophage Responses

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The total protein from RAW264.7 macrophages was obtained by using the RIPA buffer (Beyotime). A nuclear and cytoplasmic extraction kit (CWbiotech) was used to, respectively, obtain the cytosolic protein and nuclear protein. A total of 30 μg protein in each lane was prepared, followed by separating in a 10% polyacrylamide SDS-PAGE gel [30 (link)]. After transferring, the PVDF membranes were then blocked with 5% BSA, then incubated with different antibodies including NRF2, Histone H3, p-JNK, KEAP1, DRP1, p-ERK, FIS1, ZBTB20, p-p65, IκBα, p-p38, IRF3, p-IRF3, and GAPDH (Cell Signaling Technology) [31 (link)]. After the incubation, a secondary antibody with linked HRP (Cell Signaling Technology), an ECL detection kit (Yeasen Biotech Co., Ltd.), and a digital imaging system (Kodak) were used.
To detect the cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, and IFN-β, the macrophage supernatants were collected, followed by detection with ELISA kits (Neobioscience Technology Co., Ltd.).
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