Ti nanoxide t sp paste

To study the effect of this tandem deposition on the performance of the solar cell device that is intended for this study, four electrode permutations were produced, as seen in Figure 2. The variation of the spectral and microstructural properties of these layers was examined to arrive at the most desirable properties for the best device performance.
The construction and testing of the cells were arranged to follow an inverted stratification, where the negative electrode is one of the combinations (highlighted in Figure 2) with an added layer of titanium dioxide (TiO₂), and the positive terminal is the Pt photoanode.
A standard Ti-nanoxide T/SP paste from Solaronix (Solaronix, Aubonne, Switzerland) was drop-cast onto the aforementioned copper substrates occupying an active area of ~ 0.25 cm². The electrodes were heated up to 550 ˚C until there was a noticeable color change, a process that took around 30 min. The electrodes were then placed in the natural dye overnight for dye adsorption.
The positive electrode comprised of a ready-made 0.2 cm thick platinum (Pt)-coated (screen printed) Platisol T/SP precursor onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass measuring 2 $\times$ 2 cm from solaronix. Iodolyte AN-50 was used as the electrolyte, also from Solaronix.
A sample of the assembled device is shown in Figure 3, featuring the Cu/FeCu/CuI electrode.

Platinic (H₂PtCl₆) acid, ethylene glycol (EG) purriss grade, FTO glass (7 Ωsq⁻¹) and ITO-PET (14 Ωsq⁻¹). Lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄), iodine and lithium iodide (LiI) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Acetone, 2-propanol and methanol were purchased from Fisher scientific, Ti-Nanoxide T/SP paste, and N719 sensitizer were all products of Solaronix, Switzerland. Iodide/triodide in acetylnitrile (AN) electrolyte was purchased from Chemsolarism.

Isophthalaldehyde and 4,4′-biphenyldicarboxaldehyde were purchased from Acros Organics and 2,2′-bitiophene-5,5′-dicarboxaldehyde from TCI. In addition, 4,4′-Diformyltriphenylamine, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2,5-dicarboxaldehyde, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), activated charcoal, KBr, Bu₄NPF₆ and solvents were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Merck, Rahway, NJ, USA). The materials used for perovskite solar cells were surfactant, fluorine doped tin oxide coated glass slides (FTOs, 7 Ω/sq, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), ethanol (EtOH, POCH), hydrochloric acid (HCl, CHEMPUR), tetraethyl orthotitanate ((C₂H₅O)₄Ti, Merck), paste Ti-Nanoxide T/SP (Solaronix), anhydrous N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF, Sigma-Aldrich), isopropanol (IPA, POCH), lead iodide (PbI₂, Sigma-Aldrich), methylammonium iodide (MAI, Solaronix) and chlorobenzene (C₆H₅Cl, POCH). Additionaly, 4-Tert-butyl pyridine (TBP) and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (Li-TFSI) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck). Materials used for prototype OFET devices were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck) and Ossila. Furthermore, 2,5-Diamino-thiophene-3,4-dicarboxylic acid diethyl ester (DAT) was synthesized according to publication [31 (link)].