Lithium 1 chloride

Unless noted otherwise, all chemicals were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. LCMS-grade methanol (Fisher Scientific, Schwerdte, Germany), formic acid (VWR, Darmstadt, Germany), ammonium formate and purified water from a Synergi-185 labwater system (Millipore, Schwalbach, Germany) were used for all experiments. d-Glucose monohydrate, sodium-l-lactate, sodium chloride, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, and calcium chloride dihydrate complied with the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia and the ICH guideline Q3D (R1) on elemental impurities [25 , 26 ]. Glucosone [27 (link)], 3-DGal [28 (link)], and 3,4-DGE [17 (link)] were synthesized as reported previously. 3-DG was purchased from Chemos (Altdorf, Germany), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) from Carl Roth (Karlsruhe, Germany), and hydrochloric acid (pro analysi) as well as sodium hydroxide (purity 99%) from Grüssing (Filsum, Germany). Eleven different inorganic salts were tested (all obtained from Sigma-Aldrich): lithium(I) chloride (purity ≥99.0%), aluminum(III) sulfate (99.99%), vanadium(III) chloride (97%), chromium(III) chloride hexahydrate (≥ 98%), manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate (≥ 99.0%), iron(II) chloride (98%), iron(III) chloride (≥ 99.9%), nickel(II) chloride hexahydrate (99.99%), copper(II) chloride dihydrate (99.99%), zinc(II) chloride (99.99%), and molybdenum(IV) oxide (99%).