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6 protocols using bay 559837

1

Isolation and Culture of Murine ILC3

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CCR6+ and CCR6neg ILC3 (DAPInegCD3negCD11cnegCD14negCD19negTCRβnegTCRγnegNK1.1negKLRG1negCD127+CD90.2+) were isolated from small intestine LPLs of C57BL/6 mice using the ARIA II FACS Sorter (BD Biosciences). ILC3 were cultured at 37°C in flat bottom 96 well plates (104 cells/well) in RPMI supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Hyclone), 50 U penicillin-streptomycin (Hyclone), 2 mM glutamine (Hyclone), 10mM HEPES (Hyclone), 1mM sodium pyruvate (Hyclone) and 50 μM β-mercaptoethanol (Gibco). ILC3 were stimulated with IL-23 (100–300 pg/mL, R&D systems) and/or VIPR2 ligands (BAY-559837: 1–100nM, and VIP: 1nM-1uM, TOCRIS) for 16h (37°C), washed, incubated in for 4h at 37°C in RPMI with 10% FBS, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (50 ng/ml; Sigma), ionomycin (500 ng/ml;Sigma) and Golgi Plug (BD Bioscience), and stained for membrane extracellular markers in Staining Buffer (PBS FBS 2% EDTA 5mM) and for intracellular markers using Cytofix/Cytoperm buffer set following manufacturer’s protocol (BD Biosciences). Acquisition of cytometric parameters was performed on an LSRII (BD Biosciences). All data were analyzed using FlowJo Software Version 10 (Tree Star).
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2

Pharmacological Modulation of Circadian Rhythms

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VIP (Tocris) and Bay 55-9837 (Tocris) stocks were prepared by dissolving in HEPES-buffered medium. Glutamate (1 mM; Tocris) was dissolved in 1eq. NaOH, Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 µM; Sigma) and BDNF (200 ng/ml; R&D Systems) were dissolved in water. BDNF was applied at CT16, while TTX was applied 24 h prior to VIP treatment. Sotrastaurin (300 nM; Cayman Chemical), SP600125 (3 µM; Tocris), SCH772984 (100 nM; Cayman Chemical) and 666-15 (1 µM; Tocris) were all dissolved in DMSO, Rp-8-Br-cAMPS (50 µM; Biolog) in water, while PKI 14-22 amide myristoylated (1 µM; Tocris) was dissolved in 30% acetonitrile; these 6 drugs were used 30 min prior to VIP treatment. All pharmacological agents were bath-applied to SCN slices unless otherwise stated, and washed off only if stated explicitly. Phase of treatments was extrapolated from the preceding rhythm. Due to their arrhythmic nature, Cry1−/−Cry2−/− slices were treated based on Cry1−/−Cry2+/- littermate phases (data not shown).
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3

Evaluation of p38 Inhibitor Efficacy

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BAY 55-9837 was purchased from Tocris Bioscience. p38 inhibitor SB239063 was purchased from Sigma. The antibodies used in this study were SMN/Smn (BD Transduction Laboratories), Actin (Abcam), Tubulin (Abcam), Phospho-p38 (Cell signalling) and Total p38 (Cell signalling).
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4

Macrophage Polarization by VIP Signaling

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RAW264.7 cells (2 × 104) were incubated with 20% conditioned medium derived from CT26 with DMEM complete medium (CT26-CM) or 20% RPMI medium with DMEM complete medium (control). VIP hybrid (KPRRPYTDNYTRLRKQMAVKKYLNSILN-amide, Phoenix Pharmaceutical, Burlingame, CA)—a competitive antagonist of VIP17 (link)—at 1 and 3 µM was added daily. In a separate experiment, [Lys15, Arg16, Leu27] VIP (1–7)/GRF (8–27) (Phoenix Pharmaceuticals)—a selective VPAC1 agonist30 (link)—or BAY 55-9837 (Tocris Bioscience, Minneapolis, MN)—a selective VPAC2 agonist—was added daily at a dose of 100 nM31 (link). mRNA extraction was performed on day 3 or day 4 after CT26-CM incubation, depending on the experiment. PBS was used as vehicle treatment.
Vipr1, Vipr2 or negative control siRNA (Thermo Fisher Scientific) was transfected into RAW264.7 cells at day 1 after CT26-CM incubation using Lipofectamine RNAimax (Thermo Fisher Scientific) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Vipr1 or Vipr2 mRNA expression was analyzed to evaluate knock-down efficiency at day 3 after CT26-CM incubation. M1 and M2 gene expression was measured at day 4 after CT26-CM incubation.
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5

Isolation and Culture of Murine ILC3

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CCR6+ and CCR6neg ILC3 (DAPInegCD3negCD11cnegCD14negCD19negTCRβnegTCRγnegNK1.1negKLRG1negCD127+CD90.2+) were isolated from small intestine LPLs of C57BL/6 mice using the ARIA II FACS Sorter (BD Biosciences). ILC3 were cultured at 37°C in flat bottom 96 well plates (104 cells/well) in RPMI supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS (Hyclone), 50 U penicillin-streptomycin (Hyclone), 2 mM glutamine (Hyclone), 10mM HEPES (Hyclone), 1mM sodium pyruvate (Hyclone) and 50 μM β-mercaptoethanol (Gibco). ILC3 were stimulated with IL-23 (100–300 pg/mL, R&D systems) and/or VIPR2 ligands (BAY-559837: 1–100nM, and VIP: 1nM-1uM, TOCRIS) for 16h (37°C), washed, incubated in for 4h at 37°C in RPMI with 10% FBS, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) (50 ng/ml; Sigma), ionomycin (500 ng/ml;Sigma) and Golgi Plug (BD Bioscience), and stained for membrane extracellular markers in Staining Buffer (PBS FBS 2% EDTA 5mM) and for intracellular markers using Cytofix/Cytoperm buffer set following manufacturer’s protocol (BD Biosciences). Acquisition of cytometric parameters was performed on an LSRII (BD Biosciences). All data were analyzed using FlowJo Software Version 10 (Tree Star).
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6

Inhibition Kinetics of Tissue Transglutaminase

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Akt inhibitor XI, KT 5720, were purchased from Calbiochem (San Diego, CA). [Ala 11,22,28 ]-VIP, Bay 55-9837, PACAP-27, PACAP 6-38, PD 98059, SB 203580, and SP 600 125 were obtained from Tocris Bioscience (Bristol, UK). All-trans retinoic acid, casein, Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (for use with mammalian cell and tissue extracts), Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail 2 and 3, ExtrAvidin ® -HRP and ExtrAvidin ® -FITC were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich Co. Ltd. (Gillingham, UK). The TG2 inhibitors Z-DON (Z-ZON-Val-Pro-Leu-OMe) and R283, together with purified guinea-pig liver TG2 were obtained from Zedira GmbH (Darmstadt, Germany). DAPI was from Vector Laboratories Inc (Peterborough, UK). Fluo-8/AM was purchased from Stratech Scientific Ltd (Newmarket, UK). Biotin-TVQQEL was purchased from Pepceuticals (Enderby, UK). Biotin Biotechnology Inc (Heidelberg, Germany).
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