Spss statistic program

Statistical analyses were performed with the IBM SPSS Statistic program (IBM, Ehningen, Germany) or GraphPad Prism Version 6 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). All data sets were tested for normal distribution, and appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests were chosen. Two datasets were tested by two-tailed Student’s t test or Mann–Whitney U test, respectively, if not stated otherwise. Correlations were analyzed by Spearman’s ranked test. For association between categorical variables, chi-square analyses were performed.

Statistical evaluation for animal apomorphine behavioral test (after 6-OHDA) injection was performed by Student’s t-test. For the staircase test, upon 6-OHDA and even hBM-MSCs secretome, levodopa or Neurobasal^®-A medium injections, ANOVA repeated measures followed by post-hoc Bonferroni for multiple comparisons was performed using SPSS statistic program (version 25; IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Graphical representation by using GraphPad Prism ver.8 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA). Equality of variances and sphericity were measured using the Levene’s and Mauchly’s tests, respectively, and was assumed when p > 0.05. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. The significance value was set at p < 0.05. Effect size was calculated using η² partial.

Statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS Statistic Program (version 26; IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA) and GraphPad Prism 8 software, specifically for graphics design (La Jolla, USA). Normality assumption was evaluated for all continuous variables using the Shapiro-Wilks statistical test, considering the respective measures of skewness and kurtosis and visualizing normal histogram distributions. Levene’s and Mauchly’s tests appraised the homogeneity of variances and sphericity, respectively, and assumed when the p-value ≥ 0.05. Student’s t-tests for independent samples or Mann-Whitney U tests (data presented as mean + IQR) were carried out to compare means between two groups. For lengthwise comparisons of mean differences, both two-way ANOVA analysis and mixed-design factorial ANOVA were applied. To further evaluate the nature of the differences between groups, multiple comparison post hoc tests were performed, employing either Tukey’s HSD post hoc test or Bonferroni’s. All tests were performed with a 95% confidence interval. Data were acknowledged as statistically significant if the p-value ≤ 0.05. Suitable effect sizes for each test were calculated (ANOVA: eta-square partial (η²_partial); t-test: Cohen’s d (d); Mann Whitney U-test: rank-biserial correlation(r)). All graphs are represented with mean values ± SEM (standard error of the mean).

ANOVA was performed to compare the mean group values with a significance level of 0.05 by the IBM SPSS statistic program (IBM Schweiz AG, Zurich, Switzerland). Tukey HSD was used if the data had a homogenous variance and same number of replicates for all groups. Hochberg's G2T was used when sample sizes of groups were unequal and Games Howell was performed when homogeneity of variance was not given. Standard deviations of averages calculated from other averages that already have a standard deviation (e.g., averaged AA composition of the three insect species) were calculated taking the quadrature of the internal (SD_int) and external standard deviation (SD_ext) [see equations (S1–S5) in the Supplementary Material; (24 (link))].