Lamotrigine

Dapsone, mitoxantrone, pitavastatin calcium, and lamotrigine were purchased from Toronto Research Chemicals (Toronto, Canada). Etoposide, methotrexate, carbamazepine, erlotinib hydrochloride, and verapamil hydrochloride were purchased from FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation (Osaka, Japan). Pefloxacin mesylate was purchased from LKT Laboratories (St. Paul, MN, USA). Nelfinavir methanesulfonate hydrate was purchased from Tokyo Chemical Industry (Tokyo, Japan). Moxalactam disodium salt was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dantrolene sodium salt was purchased from Cayman (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Prazosin hydrochloride was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Dallas, TX, USA). Quinidine was purchased from AOBIOUS (Gloucester, MA, USA). All marketed drugs not listed above and internal molecules defined as TK-1 to TK-43 were prepared by Takeda Pharmaceutical Company (Fujisawa, Japan). All other reagents and solvents were of analytical grade and were commercially available.

Drugs used were lamotrigine (Toronto Research Chemicals Inc., Canada), carbamazepine, phenytoin, sodium valproate (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan), oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, topiramate, and bupivacaine hydrochloride (Tokyo Chemical Industries, Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). Levobupivacaine hydrochloride was kindly gifted by Maruishi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). All of drugs (except for gabapentin, topiramate, and sodium valproate which were directly dissolved in Ringer's solution) were first dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a stock solution and then diluted to the desired concentrations in Ringer's solution immediately before use, where the concentration of DMSO was less than 2%. Drugs at concentrations larger than 10 mM were not tested, because a change in osmotic pressure may affect CAPs. The pH of Ringer's solution containing drugs was adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH.