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Experiments were conducted in an operant conditioning chamber (ENV-008, Med Associates) housed within a sound-attenuating compartment (ENV-018M, Med Associates). Each chamber was connected to a computer (SG-502, Med Associates) and ran using MED-PC. Each operant chamber contained a 5.1 cm × 5.1 cm recessed food receptacle (ENV-200R2MA) on the front response panel with two retractable levers on either side (ENV-122CM; 6 cm above metal rod floor). Above each lever was one white cue light (ENV-221M; mounted 4.1 cm above each lever). Located above the top left cue light was a Sonalert tone (ENV-223 AM) and located above the top right cue light was another Sonalert tone (ENV-223 HAM). A house light (ENV-227M) was placed 17 cm above the metal floor in the middle of the back wall. Food pellets (45 mg, Dustless Precision Pellets; Bio Serv) were delivered via a dispenser (ENV-203M-45) placed behind the food receptacle. All drugs were self-administered via a syringe pump (PHM-100) located outside of the sound-attenuating chamber. The drugs were pumped through a watertight swivel attached via tygon tubing that was attached to a head-mounted cannula.

Experiments were conducted in an operant conditioning chamber (ENV-008, Med Associates) housed within a sound-attenuating compartment (ENV-018M, Med Associates). The operant chamber was modified for low noise second-by-second measures of glutamate during the behavioral events and synchronized to the glutamate recording system and its digital I/O lines. Each chamber was connected to a microcomputer (SG-502, Med Associates) controlled by MED-PC software. The operant chamber contained a 5.1 cm × 5.1 cm recessed food receptacle (ENV-200R2MA) on the front response panel with two retractable levers on either side (ENV-122CM). Above each lever was one white cue light (ENV-221M). Located above the top left cue light was a Sonalert tone (ENV-223 AM) and located above the top right cue light was another Sonalert tone (ENV-223 HAM). A house light (ENV-227M) was placed 17 cm above the metal floor in the middle of the back wall. Two nosepoke response receptacles (ENV-114BM) were located on both sides of the back wall across from the front response levers. Sucrose-based food pellets (45 mg, Dustless Precision Pellets, #F0021; Bio Serv) were delivered via a dispenser (ENV-203M-45) placed behind the food receptacle.

Experiments were conducted in operant conditioning chambers (ENV-008, MED Associates, St. Albans, VT) enclosed within sound-attenuating compartments (ENV-018M, MED Associates). Each chamber was connected to a personal computer interface (SG-502, MED Associates), and all chambers were operated using MED-PC. Within each operant chamber, a recessed food receptacle (ENV-200R2MA) outfitted with a head-entry detector (ENV-254-CB) was located on the front response panel of the chamber, two retractable response levers were mounted on either side of the food receptacle (ENV-122CM), and a white cue light (ENV-221M) was mounted above each response lever. The back response panel was outfitted with two nosepoke response receptacles (ENV-114BM) directly opposite to the front response levers, and a house-light (ENV-227M) was located at the top of the back panel between the two nosepoke response receptacles. Sonalert© tone generators (ENV-223 AM and ENV223-HAM) were located on either side of the house-light. Food pellets (45-mg Noyes Precision Pellets; Research Diets, Inc., New Brunswick, NJ) were delivered via a dispenser (ENV-203M-45).