EEG was recorded using a 64 channel (AgCl ring electrode) cap connected to a SynAmps2 amplifier controlled by Neuroscan software (Compumedics Neuroscan). The arrangement of the electrodes was based on the international 10–20 system. The data were recorded with a sampling rate of 20 kHz and were then filtered using DC and low-pass filters (3500 Hz). Throughout the session, the participants were reminded to have their eyes fixated on a cross. Electrode impedances were kept below 5 kOhm. The first 34 TMS-EEG recordings and the 15 datasets of the second recording were performed with the conventional method of TMS-EEG without masking the sensory co-activation. The other 15 datasets in the second recoding were performed with the state-of-the-art method of sensory co-activation by playing white noise for the participants through earphones, covering their ears with earmuffs, and attaching a layer of foam to the coil.
Neuroscan software
Manufactured by Compumedics
Sourced in Australia
Neuroscan software is a comprehensive platform for the acquisition, analysis, and visualization of neurophysiological data. It provides a suite of tools for the recording and processing of electroencephalography (EEG), evoked potentials, and other neurological signals.
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Lab products found in correlation
12 protocols using neuroscan software
1
EEG Recording with Sensory Co-activation Masking
2
EEG Artifact Reduction and Analysis
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ERP recordings were obtained from 62 scalp sites using Ag/AgCl electrodes embedded in an elastic cap at locations from the extended international 10–20 system. These electrodes were referenced to a midline reference electrode during recording and re-referenced to the average of the right and left mastoid potentials offline. Two additional channels were used for monitoring horizontal and vertical eye movements. Impedance was maintained below 5 kΩ. EEG data were filtered using a band-pass of 0.05–40 Hz and sampled at a rate of 500 Hz. Each averaging epoch lasted 1100 milliseconds, including 100 milliseconds prior to stimulus onset. A regression algorithm implemented with NeuroScan software (Compumedics, Abbotsford, Australia) was used to reduce the influence of blink artifact on the EEG waves. Epochs associated with inaccurate responses or contaminated by electro-ocular artifacts were excluded from analysis.
3
Scalp EEG during Delayed Memory Task
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Scalp electrical signals were recorded using a 64-channel NeuroScan cap while the participants were engaged in a modified delayed match-to-sample task. These electrodes were referenced to a midline electrode during recording and re-referenced to the average of the right and left mastoid potentials offline. Two additional channels were used for monitoring horizontal and vertical eye movements. Impedance was maintained below 5 kΩ. EEG data were filtered using a band-pass of 0.05–40 Hz and sampled at a rate of 500 Hz. Each averaging epoch lasted 1,100 milliseconds, including 100 milliseconds prior to stimulus onset.
A regression algorithm implemented with NeuroScan software (Compumedics, Australia) was used to reduce the influence of eye blink artifact on the EEG recording. More details of EEG recording and analysis have been previously described [12 (link)]. Of the 34 participants who underwent EEG, one did not have data available for the memory task and was excluded, leaving 33 participants in the current study. Here we examined the predictivity of three different left frontal sites of F7, F5, and F3, where significant brainwave differences between CN and MCI patients were reported during the working memory task [12 (link)].
A regression algorithm implemented with NeuroScan software (Compumedics, Australia) was used to reduce the influence of eye blink artifact on the EEG recording. More details of EEG recording and analysis have been previously described [12 (link)]. Of the 34 participants who underwent EEG, one did not have data available for the memory task and was excluded, leaving 33 participants in the current study. Here we examined the predictivity of three different left frontal sites of F7, F5, and F3, where significant brainwave differences between CN and MCI patients were reported during the working memory task [12 (link)].
4
Electrophysiological Markers of Cognitive Decline
5
EEG Data Acquisition and Analysis
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EEG acquisition and analyses followed the same procedures in E1 and E2. EEG data were collected using SynAmps amplifiers and Neuroscan software (Compumedics). Electrode placement followed the international 10-10 system, using a 61-electrode montage. Data were referenced to the left mastoid at acquisition. Measurements of vertical and horizontal EOG were included for off-line independent component analysis (ICA) correction. Data were digitized at 1,000 Hz.
EEG data were analyzed in MATLAB, using the FieldTrip toolbox (Oostenveld et al., 2011 (link)). Data were rereferenced to the average of both mastoids and downsampled to 250 Hz. ICA was performed to identify components associated with blinking or lateral eye movements, and bad components were removed from the data. After ICA correction, trials with exceptional variance were identified based on visual inspection (ft_rejectvisual with the “summary” method) and excluded. Noisy trials were identified without knowledge of the relevant conditions to which particular trials belonged. We additionally excluded trials in which the decision time (the time between cue onset and report onset) was below 200 or above 2,000 ms. In E1, on average 1,027 ± 25 trials (86 ± 2%) were retained for analysis. In E2, on average 700 ± 11 trials (87 ± 1%) were retained for analysis.
EEG data were analyzed in MATLAB, using the FieldTrip toolbox (Oostenveld et al., 2011 (link)). Data were rereferenced to the average of both mastoids and downsampled to 250 Hz. ICA was performed to identify components associated with blinking or lateral eye movements, and bad components were removed from the data. After ICA correction, trials with exceptional variance were identified based on visual inspection (ft_rejectvisual with the “summary” method) and excluded. Noisy trials were identified without knowledge of the relevant conditions to which particular trials belonged. We additionally excluded trials in which the decision time (the time between cue onset and report onset) was below 200 or above 2,000 ms. In E1, on average 1,027 ± 25 trials (86 ± 2%) were retained for analysis. In E2, on average 700 ± 11 trials (87 ± 1%) were retained for analysis.
6
EEG Recording Setup for Cognitive Tasks
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Participants were seated in an electrically shielded and acoustically attenuated room in front of a 19" CRT screen at a distance of 125 cm. The EEG was recorded with 62 Ag/AgCl electrodes, placed according to the international 10-20 system, using Synamps amplifiers and Neuroscan software (4.5; Compumedics). Vertical and horizontal eye movements were recorded by additional electrodes that were attached above and below the left eye, and also in the left and right outer canthi. The tip of the nose was used as a reference and an electrode placed between Cz and FCz was used for ground (AFz). The sampling rate was 1000 Hz and the signals were filtered on-line (DC-70 Hz, 24dB/octave roll-off). The impedance of the electrodes was kept below 10 kΩ.
7
EEG Data Collection using Synamps Amplifiers
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EEG data were collected using Synamps amplifiers and Neuroscan software (Compumedics). We used a 61 Ag/AgCl sintered electrodes (EasyCap, Herrsching, Germany), laid out according to the international 10–10 system, with mastoids behind the left and right ear. The left mastoid was used as an active reference during the recordings. Offline, an average mastoids reference was derived using the left and right mastoids. The ground electrode was placed on the left arm above the elbow. Horizontal electrooculogram (EOG) was measured using lateral electrodes next to both eyes and vertical EOG was measured above and below the left eye. Data were sampled at 1000 Hz and stored for subsequent analysis.
8
Measuring Skin Conductance with Ag/AgCl Electrodes
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Silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes filled with electrode paste of 0.05 M NaCl in an inert ointment base were used to record skin conductance. These were placed on the distal volar surface of digits II and III of the non-dominant hand. A constant voltage of 0.5 V was applied to the electrode pair that formed the input circuit. The changing current that represented conductance was recorded using a DC amplifier. Skin conductance was sampled continuously at 512 Hz but only every eighth data point was recorded (at 64 Hz) to save space; interpolation back to 512 Hz was executed in Neuroscan software (Compumedics, Version 4.3).
9
EEG Acquisition and Analysis Protocol
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EEG acquisition and analyses followed the same procedures in E1 and E2. EEG data we collected using SynAmps amplifiers and Neuroscan software (Compumedics). Electrode placement followed the international 10-10 system, using a 61-electrode montage. Data were referenced to the left mastoid at acquisition. Measurements of vertical and horizontal EOG were included for offline ICA correction. Data were digitised at 1000 Hz.
EEG data were analysed in Matlab, using the FieldTrip toolbox (46) . Data were re-referenced to the average of both mastoids, and down-sampled to 250 Hz. ICA was performed to identify components associated with blinking or lateral eye movements and bad components were removed from the data. After ICA correction, trials with exceptional variance were identified based on visual inspection with the 'summary' method) and excluded. Noisy trials were identified without knowledge of the relevant conditions to which particular trials belonged. We additionally excluded trials in which the decision time (the time between cue onset and report onset) was below 200 or above 2000 ms. In E1, on average 1027 ± 25 trials (86 ± 2 %) were retained for analysis. In E2, on average 700 ± 11 trials (87 ± 1 %) were retained for analysis.
EEG data were analysed in Matlab, using the FieldTrip toolbox (46) . Data were re-referenced to the average of both mastoids, and down-sampled to 250 Hz. ICA was performed to identify components associated with blinking or lateral eye movements and bad components were removed from the data. After ICA correction, trials with exceptional variance were identified based on visual inspection with the 'summary' method) and excluded. Noisy trials were identified without knowledge of the relevant conditions to which particular trials belonged. We additionally excluded trials in which the decision time (the time between cue onset and report onset) was below 200 or above 2000 ms. In E1, on average 1027 ± 25 trials (86 ± 2 %) were retained for analysis. In E2, on average 700 ± 11 trials (87 ± 1 %) were retained for analysis.
10
32-Channel EEG Recording Protocol
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Electroencephalogram activity was recorded with Ag/AgCl electrodes mounted in an elastic cap using a 32-electrode arrangement following the International 10–20 System, referenced to the left and right mastoid. Vertical and horizontal electro-oculograms were also recorded. Electrode impedances were kept below 10 kΩ for all electrodes. The online low-pass filters were set at 300 Hz. Data were recorded with Neuroscan software, with a sampling rate of 1000 Hz.
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