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80 protocols using sodium formate

1

Preparation of Weak Acid Solutions

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The weak acid solutions were prepared using the following salts: sodium benzoate (bio extra ≥99.5%, B3420-250G; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO); potassium acetate (extrapure; Merck); sodium formate (pro analysis; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany); DL-lactic acid lithium salt (approximately 98%, L1500; Sigma-Aldrich); pyruvic acid-sodium salt (99+%; Acros Organics, Geel, Belgium); succinic acid-disodium salt, anhydrous (99%; Acros Organics); potassium chloride (pro analyses; BOOM Laboratoriumleveranciers, Meppel, The Netherlands); and sodium L-lactate (>99.0%, 71718-10G; Sigma-Aldrich). Lipids were purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids (Alabaster, AL). The following lipids were used: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE), 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) sodium salt (DOPG), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (POPE), 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) sodium salt (POPG), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC), 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DPPE), and 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1′-rac-glycerol) sodium salt (DPPG).
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2

Enzyme-catalyzed Alcohol Oxidation Protocol

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(3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS, ≥98%), (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES, ≥98%), sulfuric acid (≥98%), sodium borohydride (≥98%), sodium hydroxide (97%), toluene (99.8%) and hydrochloric acid (37%) were supplied from Sigma-Aldrich. Sodium formate, sodium metaperiodate, and glycerol (86%) were purchased from Merck. Formate dehydrogenase (FDH) from Candida boidinii with a protein concentration of 25 ± 1 mg mL−1 (according to Bradford assay28 (link)) was purchased from Megazyme. NAD+ (99.6%) was supplied from PanReach AppliChem. Base Clinoptilolite (B-Clino) was supplied by Zeolado (Greece). glycerol dehydrogenase (GlyDH) from Geobacillus stearothermophilus was produced and purified as previously reported.29 (link)
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3

Teratogenic Compound Screening in Zebrafish

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Unless otherwise stated, 10 μM CVT-10216 (Sigma-Aldrich) or equimolar dimethyl sulphoxide DMSO (Sigma-Aldrich) was added to embryos at 24 hpf after manual or pronase-assisted (Merck) dechorionation and refreshed every 24 h. Embryos were arrayed in six-well tissue culture plates with 10-15 embryos per well. For formate supplementation assays, 25 μM sodium formate (Merck) was added. For nucleotide supplementation assays, 400 μM of AMP, UMP, GMP, IMP or TMP (Merck) were added to embryos, or 200 μM of dA, dG, dU or T (Merck). 4-HNE (range of concentrations in ethanol) (Calbiochem) and Mtx (Merck) (range of concentrations in DMSO) were added at 24 hpf and refreshed every 24 h.
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4

Analytical Reagent Procurement Protocol

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All chemicals were of high analytical grade (>95%) Haloperidol, loperamide, methadone, nortriptyline, pethidine and ammonium molybdate were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri, USA). Phosphoric acid, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium formate, formic acid, phenolphthalein, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), tributyl phosphate (TBP) acetonitrile, sulphuric acid and nitric acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethanol was obtained from Arcus (Oslo, Norway) and water (18 MU cm) was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Molsheim, France).
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5

Quantitative GAG Assay Protocol

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The GAG assay was the usual first step in making our biochemical diagnosis [5, 6] (link). uGAGs remain stable at room temperature for up to 10 days, so urine samples do not need to be frozen for transport to the laboratory [7] (link). Both semi-quantitative (the GAG test) and quantitative, using dimethyl methylene blue (DMB), assays were used.
Dimethyl methylene blue solution DMB solution was prepared according to the method described by Andrade et al. [7] (link). In a volumetric flask of 1 L, 10.66 mg of DMB (research grade, purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, CAS: 931418-92-7) was added, with 3.33 mL of ethanol (purchased from Merck, CAS: 64-17-5), 1.33 g of sodium formate (purchased from Merck, CAS: 141-53-7), and 1.33 mL of formic acid (purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, CAS: 64-18-6). The pH value was adjusted to 3.75 by adding more concentrated acid or solid formate. The flask was filled up to 1 L with distilled water. This solution has proven to be stable for at least 10 months at 5°C. A chondroitin 6sulfate solution was prepared at 100 mg/L in distilled water. The solution is stable for at least one year at 4°C, when stored in the dark.
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6

Analytical Reagent Procurement Protocol

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All chemicals were of high analytical grade (>95%) Haloperidol, loperamide, methadone, nortriptyline, pethidine and ammonium molybdate were all purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St Louis, Missouri, USA). Phosphoric acid, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, sodium acetate, acetic acid, sodium formate, formic acid, phenolphthalein, 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether (NPOE), tributyl phosphate (TBP) acetonitrile, sulphuric acid and nitric acid were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ethanol was obtained from Arcus (Oslo, Norway) and water (18 MU cm) was obtained from a Milli-Q water purification system (Molsheim, France).
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7

Nickel-catalyzed Methylamine Synthesis

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NiCl2 (98%, Aldrich), methylamine
hydrochloride (99% Aldrich), sodium formate (≥99%, Aldrich),
and N-methylformamide (99%, Aldrich) were commercially
available and used as purchased without further purification.
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8

Fabrication of Porous α-Alumina Membranes

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Porous α-alumina (α-Al2O3) (Fraunhofer IKTS) with a diameter around 30 mm and thickness around 1 mm was selected as the substrate for the membrane growth. The normal pore size is around 160 nm and the porosity is about 35%. The seeding solution was prepared using 5% polyethyleneimine (PEI, Aldrich), 4% sodium bicarbonate (98%, Aldrich), and 30 mL deionized water, and then the pre-synthesized ZIF-8, ZIF-67, and ZIF-8-67 nanocrystals were dispersed in the solution. The seeds were uniformly coated on the aluminum oxide substrate by a spin coating method. After spin coating, the discs were immediately dried in the oven at 60 °C for 24 h. The pretreated support was placed in a microwave autoclave with the secondary growth solutions of 1 mmol ZnCl2 (98%, Showa), 1 mmol Co(NO3)2·6H2O (98%, Showa), 4 mmol 2-methylimidazole (mIM, 97%, Acros), and 2.7 mmol sodium formate (SF, 99.5% Aldrich), which were dissolved in methanol (99%, Aldrich) at 100 °C for 4 h.
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9

Selective Hydrogenation Catalyst Synthesis

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Chemicals from the following suppliers were used without further purification: Aldrich: (i) bis(dicyclohexylphosphino) methane (dcpm, L) (97%), (ii) silver(I) tetrafluoroborate (AgBF 4 ) (98%), (iii) sodium formate (NaO 2 CH, 99%). Ajax Finechem: (iv) formic acid (HCO 2 H, 99%), (v) silver(I) nitrate (AgNO 3 ). Merck: (vi) acetronitrile (HPLC grade).
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10

Synthesis of N-CNT-Pd Nanocomposites

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Sodium formate (≥98%),
methanol (99.99%), NaClO4, and NaOH were received from
Sigma-Aldrich. Nitrogen gas (N2) was supplied from BOC,
Surrey, U.K. All solutions were prepared with deionized water of resistivity
not less than 18.2 MΩ cm (25 °C, Millipore). The preparation
and characterization of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes decorated
with palladium nanoparticles (N-CNT-Pd) were detailed in previous
papers.28 (link),29 (link)
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