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6 protocols using ascorbate

1

Osteoblast Differentiation on Titanium Alloy

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MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblast cells were maintained in minimum essential media (Thermo Scientific Hyclone, Logan, UT) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Hyclone), L-glutamine (CellGro), non-essential amino acids (CellGro) and penicillin-streptomycin. Cells were seeded on titanium alloy discs at 2.5 × 104 cells/cm2 in alpha minimum essential media with 10% FBS, L-glutamine and antibiotic/antimycotic (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA). Media was replaced after three days and every three days thereafter with differentiation media, which consisted of the media described above supplemented with 50 μg/ml ascorbate (Gibco, Grand Island, NY) and 5 mM beta-glycerophosphate (Sigma, St. Louis, MO).22 (link)
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2

Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation of HAFSCs

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HAFSCs were maintained in osteogenic and adipogenic induction media 3 weeks. Osteogenic induction media consisted of α-MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 0.1 μmol/l dexamethasone, 10mmol/l β-glycerol phosphate, 50μmol/l ascorbate (Gibco). Adipogenic induction media contained α-MEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 1μmol/l dexamethasone, 5μg/ml insulin, 0.5 mmol/l isobutylmethylxanthine and 60μmol/l indomethacin (Gibco). Alizarin red and Oil Red was utilized to identify osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation, respectively.
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3

Conjugating Alkynes to MSNP via Click Reaction

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Alkynes were conjugated to carboxylate groups on the MSNP surface using 1.5 mM propargylamine (Sigma-Aldrich) per gram of MSNP and 2.5 mM 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide in 10 mM HEPES buffer (pH 7.4). The reaction was allowed to proceed for 24 h at room temperature followed by an alkyne–azide click reaction induced by adding 250 nmol of sulfo-Cy5-azide per gram of MSNP. The components were incubated at 4 °C with gentle agitation for 30 min using 1 mg ml−1 of MSNP in 10 mM KP buffer (pH 7.4) in the presence of 1 mM CuSO4, 2 mM aminoguanidine and 2 mM ascorbate (all Thermo Fisher Scientific). MSNPs were purified by centrifugation at 7,000g for 10 min and buffer exchanged at least five times.
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4

Detecting S-nitrosated Proteins via Biotin Switch

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S-nitrosated proteins were purified and detected using the biotin switch technique as described previously3 (link). Frozen leaf samples (2 g) were extracted in ratio 1:2 (w/v) with 100 mM HEPES-NaOH pH 7.4 with 10 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM neocuproine, 1% Triton X-100 and protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Extracts were centrifuged at 16,000×g for 30 min at 4 °C, protein concentration determined by the Bradford method72 (link) and adjusted to 1 mg/ml. Samples were incubated with 2.5% SDS and 20 mM methyl methanethiosulfonate for 30 min at 50 °C with frequent mixing to block free cysteine thiols, and residual reagents were eliminated by acetone precipitation. Precipitates were re-suspended in 1% SDS and biotinylated with 1 mM ascorbate and biotin-HPDP (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) at for 1 h in laboratory temperature in the dark. Following acetone precipitation, isolated proteins were subjected to Western blot analysis or affinity purification3 (link).
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5

Ascorbate-Deficient Rat Model Study

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Studies were approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. We used postnatal day (PND) 16–18 male ODS rats bred on a Wistar background (33 ) and wild-type Wistar rats (Envigo, Indianapolis, IN). ODS rats were bred in-house and the colony maintained by the University of Pittsburgh Division of Laboratory Animal Research. Adult ODS rats were supplied with ascorbate-supplemented water (2 g ascorbate per mL, Fisher Chemical, Waltham, MA). Immature ODS rats rely on maternal milk for vitamin C supply prior to weaning, as rat milk is known to contain ascorbate (34 (link)). Pups were kept with their dams until PND 21–28.
Groups of ODS and Wistar rats were used for assessment of plasma ascorbate and glutathione (GSH), neurological deficit score (NDS) testing, immunohistochemistry, and histology. Separate groups of ODS and Wistar rats were used to assess hippocampal (and plasma) ascorbate and GSH. Hippocampal tissue was used for biochemical studies as the CA1 region is selectively vulnerable in this model (32 (link)).
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6

Ascorbate-Deficient Rat Model Study

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Studies were approved by the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. We used postnatal day (PND) 16–18 male ODS rats bred on a Wistar background (33 ) and wild-type Wistar rats (Envigo, Indianapolis, IN). ODS rats were bred in-house and the colony maintained by the University of Pittsburgh Division of Laboratory Animal Research. Adult ODS rats were supplied with ascorbate-supplemented water (2 g ascorbate per mL, Fisher Chemical, Waltham, MA). Immature ODS rats rely on maternal milk for vitamin C supply prior to weaning, as rat milk is known to contain ascorbate (34 (link)). Pups were kept with their dams until PND 21–28.
Groups of ODS and Wistar rats were used for assessment of plasma ascorbate and glutathione (GSH), neurological deficit score (NDS) testing, immunohistochemistry, and histology. Separate groups of ODS and Wistar rats were used to assess hippocampal (and plasma) ascorbate and GSH. Hippocampal tissue was used for biochemical studies as the CA1 region is selectively vulnerable in this model (32 (link)).
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