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10 protocols using mz16f dissecting microscope

1

Quantitative Confocal Imaging and Morpholino Analysis

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Imaging was performed on a Leica MZ 16F dissecting microscope and a Leica 710 confocal microscope. Confocal images were collected as z-stacks and presented as maximum intensity projections. Raw data was processed in Excel (Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA), and statistical tests were performed using Prism 6 (Graphpad Software, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). Bar graphs represent mean values ± standard deviations. Approximately 20 embryos were pooled for each sample for the qPCR experiment (n = 6). For the morpholino experiments, each data point represents between 11 and 60 embryos (n = 3–4). n numbers indicate the number of biological repeats, i.e. batches of embryos from different parents. Replicates were collected on 2–4 separate occasions. Asterisks (*) highlight p values of less than 0.05 (two-tailed t-tests); comparisons between atoh8WT/WT and atoh8sa1465/sa1465 are not significant unless indicated by an asterisk. The p value given for the data in Table 1 was calculated using a Chi squared test.
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2

Establishing Mouse Pulmonary Metastasis Model

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A mouse model of pulmonary metastasis was established using tail vein injection (33 (link)). When the cells reached 80–90% confluency, U-2OS, Saos-2, UMR-106, and hFOB1.19 cells were separated with 0.2 mmol/l EDTA in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) without Mg+2-Ca+2-NaHC03. After counting, the cells (2.5×106/ml) were resuspended in ice-cold HBSS. Female athymic mice (4 weeks old; weight ~15 g; BALb/c; Harlan Sprague Dawley, Inc.) were injected with 0.2 ml of the cell suspension through the tail vein. A total of 20 mice was divided into 4 groups (n=5 per group). At 10 weeks after inoculation, mice were euthanized by cervical dislocation following anesthesia with ketamine (50 mg/kg)/xylazine (5 mg/kg). All organs were examined for metastasis formation macroscopically. Lung tissues were harvested and fixed in a mixture of Bouin's fixative and neutral buffered formalin (1:5, v/v). Metastatic nodules in the lungs were counted using an MZ16F dissecting microscope (Leica). Mice were housed at a 12-h light/dark cycle with a temperature of 25±2°C and humidity of 55±5°C. Food and drinking water were provided ad libitum. All animal experiments were approved by the Animal Experimentation Ethics Committee of First People's Hospital of Shangqiu.
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3

Quantifying Brain Region Sizes

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Matched male littermate pairs collected at 6 months of age were transcardially perfused with 4% PFA and imaged using a Leica MZ16F dissecting microscope. The areas of the cortical hemispheres, midbrain, and cerebellum were measured using ImageJ software (NIH).
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4

Intracellular Lipid Droplet Visualization in Fly Guts

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Three to four day old female fly guts were dissected and fixed in 500 µl of 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 minutes at room temperature. For nile Red staining (to stain intracellular lipid droplets), fixed guts were incubated in Nile Red solution (diluted 1∶100 in 1X PBS from a 100 µg/ml stock solution in acetone) [48] (link) for 15 minutes at room temperature and then washed with 1X PBS three times before mounting on a slide in 70% Glycerol. The tissue was imaged with a Zeiss LSM700 upright confocal microscope under the 20X/0.8 NA objective. At least 10 guts per genotype were imaged per experiment.
For Oil Red O staining, fixed guts washed twice with MilliQ water, 100% propylene glycol and the incubated in propylene glycol for 10 minutes. The tissue was then incubated in 0.5% Oil Red O in propylene glycol at 60°c for 30 minutes. 10 ml of Oil Red O staining solution was prepared by mixing 6 ml (0.1% Oil Red O) in isopropanol and 4 mL MilliQ H2O, which was filtered through a 0.45 um syringe filter. After 30 minutes incubation in Oil Red O solution the gut tissue was washed twice in 85% propylene glycol at RT, thrice in MilliQ water before mounting onto a slide in 70% Glycerol. Samples were imaged with a Leica MZ16F dissecting microscope.
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5

Immunohistochemical Characterization of Aortic Valve

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Human aortic valves were fixed with 10% formalin overnight at 4 °C, paraffin embedded, and sectioned. Valve sections were subjected to antigen retrieval under heat and pressure for 2 min in antigen retrieval buffer (10 mM Tris, 1 mM EDTA, and 0.05% tween). The sections were permeabilized with PBS Triton (0.1%) and blocked with serum from the secondary antibody source. Primary antibodies were diluted 1:50 in PBS Triton (0.1%) and were incubated at 4 °C overnight. The sections were thoroughly washed with PBS and incubated with secondary antibody diluted in PBS triton (0.1%) 1:200 for 2 hours at room temperature. Sections were thoroughly washed in PBS, nuclei stained with DAPI or Hoescht and sections were then mounted under coverslips and imaged. Primary antibodies used were NOTCH1 intracellular domain (ab8925, Abeam), cMGP (clone G8A#1), ucMGP (clone B11#1, VitaK BV, Maastricht, The Netherlands), and phospho-SMAD 1/5/8 (#9511, Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA). All tissue sections were imaged on a Leica DM4000B microscope using a Leica HC plan apo 20× / 0.7NA objective at room temperature. A Leica DFC310FX (PC) Color high sensitivity camera and Leica Application Suite (LAS) imaging software were used for image capture. The same software and camera were used on a Leica MZ16F dissecting microscope for mouse embryo imaging.
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6

Multi-modal Imaging Techniques for Biological Samples

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Fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization, HCR fluorescence RNA in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining samples were mounted with ProLong Diamond Antifade Mountant and imaged with either Olympus FV1000 laser scanning confocal microscope or Zeiss LSM 880 Airyscan microscope. Histological images were collected using a Zeiss Axiophot microscope equipped with a Leica DFC 500 camera. Images of whole zebrafish were collected using a Leica MZ 16F dissecting microscope equipped with a Leica DFC 500 camera.
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7

Zebrafish GFP Reporter Lens Assay

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Two transient lens assays were conducted during this study. In the first assay, we injected GFP reporter constructs into zebrafish eggs at the one-cell stage and counted the number of positive lenses in live embryos at around 52 hpf or more than 20 h after the onset of enhancer activity in the lens from the Fugu element [8 (link)]. This leaves enough time for the detection of a robust fluorescent signal in the lens. Prior to counting GFP-positive lenses, we discarded those embryos with the weakest GFP signal, but never more than 10% of the entire batch. We then randomly picked about 30–50 embryos (or 60–100 lenses) and determined GFP expression under a Leica MZ 16F dissecting microscope. The injections were repeated in total three times for each construct.
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8

Whole-Plant Arabidopsis GUS Staining

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Whole Arabidopsis plants were GUS stained using a protocol adapted from (Weigel and Glazebrook, 2002 ). Briefly, plants were harvested and incubated in 90% acetone overnight, and, subsequently, washed in wash buffer (50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 2 mM K3[Fe(CN)6], 2 mM K4[Fe(CN)6], 0.2% v/v Triton X-100) and then incubated in 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl‐β‐glucuronide (X‐Gluc) buffer (wash buffer supplemented with 2 mM X‐Gluc in N,N-dimethylformamide) at room temperature for 48 h. Samples were washed and cleared for 30-min intervals in an increasing ethanol series (i.e., 35%, 50%, 70% ethanol) and further cleared overnight in chloral hydrate solution. Samples were then photographed under a Leica MZ 16 F dissecting microscope.
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9

Xenopus Embryo Microinjection Protocol

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Ovulation was induced in female X. laevis by injection of human chorionic gonadotropin, and testes were isolated from male X. laevis. One-half of one testis was macerated in 250 µL 0.1X MMR and then added to eggs manually expelled into a petri dish. After a 2-minute incubation, the eggs were covered in 0.1X MMR and incubated a further 20 minutes. The fertilized eggs were then dejellied in 2% cysteine pH 8.0, 1X MMR, and arranged in a monolayer covered with 0.4X MMR, 6% Ficoll. RNAs were combined, centrifuged at 13,000 RPM for 1 minute prior to loading into a pulled glass micropipette with a 20–25 µm bore which was then connected to a Hamilton syringe pump set to deliver 36 µL per hour, and mounted in a micromanipulator. Embryos were injected for 1 second equating to 10 nL of RNA. After microinjection, embryos were transferred to 18 °C for approximately 2.5 hours until the four-cell stage, at which point embryos that exhibited appropriate signs of cell division were transferred to 0.1X MMR + 6% Ficoll +10 µg/mL gentamicin and stored overnight at 18 °C. Embryos were transferred to 0.1X MMR 24 hrs post-fertilization. Embryos were screened for eGFP fluorescence using an epifluorescence-equipped Leica MZ16F dissecting microscope.
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10

Microscopic Imaging and Sample Preparation for SEM

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Micrographs were acquired using either a Leica DCF300FX digital camera coupled to a Leica MZ16F dissecting microscope (436/20 nm excitation 480/40 nm emission, 470/40 nm excitation, 510 nm long pass emission and 525/50 nm emission, 10x zoom) and controlled with Leica FireCam Software or a Leica DM2500 compound microscope coupled with a Q-Imaging Micropublisher 3.3 camera, controlled with Q-Capture software. All prepared samples were imaged prior to analysis by flow cytometry. Selected sorted samples which were to be subjected to SEM imaging were placed onto a NucleporeTM polycarbonate filter and washed three times with 10 ml milli-Q H2O to remove any residue of PBS that would cause salt crystals to form on the NucleporeTM filter. The resultant filter paper was placed onto an SEM stub and sputter coated (Q150T-ES, Quorum Technologies, UK). The prepared sample was visualised by SEM (JSM-6390LV SEM, JEOL, Japan) and images captured.
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