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6 protocols using p akt s473 4060

1

Immunofluorescence Staining of Cell Cultures

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Cultures were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde/PBS, permeabilized with 0.5% Triton X-100/PBS, and washed 3 times with PBS buffer (137 mM NaCl, 2.7 mM KCl, 4.3 mM Na2HPO4, 1.47 mM KH2PO4, Adjust to a final pH of 7.4). Primary antibodies were suspended in IF buffer (3% bovine serum albumin, 0.1% NP-40 in PBS) and incubated overnight. The cultures were washed with 0.1% NP-40/PBS 6 times and incubated with Alexa fluorophore conjugated rabbit or mouse secondary antibodies (Life Technologies) in IF buffer. The slides were washed with 0.1% NP-40/PBS 6 times, counterstained with 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and mounted with antifade solution (Life Technologies). Confocal microscopy was done using the Zeiss LSM 780 laser scanning confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss AG). p-AKT(S473) (4060) and cleaved Caspase-3 (9664) antibodies were from Cell Signaling Technology. Rabbit polyclonal antibody against Ki67 (ab833) was from Abcam, and Mouse anti-laminin-5 (MAB1947) was from EMD Millipore. Alexa Fluor 488 anti-rabbit (A11008) and Alexa Fluor 594 anti-mouse (A21201) secondary antibodies, and ProLong® Gold antifade reagent with DAPI (P36931) were obtained from Life Technologies.
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2

Western Blot Analysis of Angiogenic Signaling

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Cell lysates were separated by SDS‐PAGE and electrophoretic transferred onto the PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) membranes (BIO‐RAD). Transferred membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk in TBS with 0.1% Tween‐20, and then incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. Following day, membranes were washed three times in TBS buffer with 0.1% Tween‐20 and incubated with the secondary antibody for 45 min at room temperature. Membranes were washed five times in TBS buffer with 0.1% Tween‐20 each 5 min then imaging by ChemiDoc Imaging system (BIO‐RAD). The following antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology [(VEGFR2‐ #9698, p‐AKT S473‐ #4060, p‐p44/42‐ #9101, p‐p38‐ #3871, p‐PLCγ2‐#4511, neuropilin 1‐ #3725)]. Antibodies to βIV‐spectrin and β‐actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (#SC514744) and Sigma‐Aldrich (#A1978) respectively. VEGFR1 antibody was purchased from R&D Systems (#AF471).
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3

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Signaling Proteins

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Tissues were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 5 µm thick sections. Sections were subject to hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemical staining following standard protocols. The following primary antibodies were used: pERKT202/Y204 (4370) and pAKTS473 (4060) (Cell signaling), and pFRS2Y436 (ab193363) (Abcam).
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4

Western Blot Analysis of Angiogenic Signaling

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Cell lysates were separated by SDS‐PAGE and electrophoretic transferred onto the PVDF (polyvinylidene difluoride) membranes (BIO‐RAD). Transferred membranes were blocked with 5% skim milk in TBS with 0.1% Tween‐20, and then incubated with primary antibodies at 4°C overnight. Following day, membranes were washed three times in TBS buffer with 0.1% Tween‐20 and incubated with the secondary antibody for 45 min at room temperature. Membranes were washed five times in TBS buffer with 0.1% Tween‐20 each 5 min then imaging by ChemiDoc Imaging system (BIO‐RAD). The following antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology [(VEGFR2‐ #9698, p‐AKT S473‐ #4060, p‐p44/42‐ #9101, p‐p38‐ #3871, p‐PLCγ2‐#4511, neuropilin 1‐ #3725)]. Antibodies to βIV‐spectrin and β‐actin were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (#SC514744) and Sigma‐Aldrich (#A1978) respectively. VEGFR1 antibody was purchased from R&D Systems (#AF471).
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5

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Signaling Proteins

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Tissues were fixed overnight in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and cut into 5 µm thick sections. Sections were subject to hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemical staining following standard protocols. The following primary antibodies were used: pERKT202/Y204 (4370) and pAKTS473 (4060) (Cell signaling), and pFRS2Y436 (ab193363) (Abcam).
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6

Rictor CRISPR/Cas9 KO and RRM1 Overexpression

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Rictor CRISPR/Cas9 KO plasmid (sc-400710-KO-2) was purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). Rictor shRNAs (#1853 and #1854) were obtained from Addgene (Cambridge, MA). Flag-RRM1 plasmid was purchased from Genscript (Nanjing, China). Anti-RRM1(sc-377415), anti-RRM2(sc-398294) anti-β-Actin(sc-47778) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA). p-Akt substrate (RXXS/T) (#9614), BrdU (#5292), Ki67(#9027), Cleaved caspase-3 (#9579) and pAkt S473 (#4060) antibodies were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology (Danvers, MA). γH2AX (05-636) was purchased from Millipore (Billerica, MA). Rictor (A300-459A), pRPA2 S33 (A300-246A), RPA2 (A300-244A) were purchased from Bethyl Laboratories (Montgomery, TX). Gemcitabine, PP242 and Rapamycin were obtained from Selleckchem (Houston, TX).
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