Milliq r4 system

Manufactured by Merck Group

Sourced in Italy

The MilliQ R4 system is a water purification device designed to produce ultrapure water. It utilizes a series of filtration and deionization steps to remove impurities and contaminants from the input water, resulting in highly purified water suitable for various laboratory applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

6 protocols using milliq r4 system

Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate Polymerization for Biomedical Applications

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Ethyl 2-cyanoacrylate (ECA) was used as a monomer for the polymerization. Cardiogreen^® (ICG) and Tween 20 were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphotungstic acid was purchased from Carlo Erba reagents s.r.l. (Milan, Italy). Antibiotic/antimycotic solution (100×), containing 10,000 units/mL penicillin, 10 mg/mL streptomycin, 25 mg/mL amphotericin B, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM with 4.5 g/L glucose, l-glutamine, and sodium pyruvate) was purchased from Corning (Mediatech Inc. A Corning Subsidiary Manassas, Manassas, VA, USA). Dulbecco’s Phosphate Buffer Solution and inactivated fetal calf serum were acquired from Biowest (Nuaillé, France). MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and trypan blue solution was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Cell line culture Caco-2 was obtained from the European Tissue Culture Collection. Ultrapure bi-distilled water was obtained by a MilliQ R4 system, Millipore (Milan, Italy). All other chemical reagents were of analytical grade.

Obinu A., Gavini E., Rassu G., Riva F., Calligaro A., Bonferoni M.C., Maestri M, & Giunchedi P. (2020). Indocyanine Green Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles: Physicochemical Characterization and Interaction Studies with Caco-2 Cell Line by Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy. Nanomaterials, 10(1), 133.

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Development and Characterization of a Drug Delivery System

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Synthetic GEN (98% pure as determined by HPLC) was purchased from Farmalabor (Milan, Italy); C was obtained from Gattefossè (Saint-Priest, France). Tween 80 was purchased from Acros Organics (Geel, Belgium). Acetonitrile and methanol were of chromatographic grade and were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Phosphatidylcholine derived from soybeans (Lipoid S100) was a kind gift from Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen, Germany). Acetic acid and pancreatin from the porcine pancreas were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Steinheim, Germany). Fluorescein was purchased from Fluka Analytical (Buchs, Switzerland). Acetone, KH₂PO₄, and NaOH were obtained by Carlo Erba (Milan, Italy). Ultrapure bidistilled water was obtained by a MilliQ R4 system, Millipore (Milan, Italy). The fresh intestine was taken from a local slaughterhouse (Forma s.r.l; CE IT D2L5B (Regulation EC 853/2004)). Paraffin, hematoxylin, and eosin were purchased from Bio-Optica (Milan, Italy). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM/F12, HEPES, no phenol red) was acquired from Life Technologies (Monza, Italy). Phosphate-buffered saline ((PBS), 0.2 µm filtered, adjusted to pH 7.4) solution and Trypan Blue (0.4%) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Obinu A., Burrai G.P., Cavalli R., Galleri G., Migheli R., Antuofermo E., Rassu G., Gavini E, & Giunchedi P. (2021). Transmucosal Solid Lipid Nanoparticles to Improve Genistein Absorption via Intestinal Lymphatic Transport. Pharmaceutics, 13(2), 267.

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Intestinal Permeability and Cytotoxicity Evaluation

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Witepsol E85 (W) was supplied by Cremer Oleo (Hamburg, Germany); Gelucire 44/14 (G) was kindly provided by Gattefossé SAS (Saint-Priest, France). Ethanol, polyvinylalcohol (PVA), dichloromethane (DCM) and octan-1-ol were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were acquired from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Ultrapure bidistilled water was obtained by a MilliQ R4 system, Millipore (Milan, Italy). The fresh intestine was taken from a local slaughterhouse (Forma s.r.l; CE IT D2L5B (Regulation EC 853/2004)). Fetal bovine serum (FBS), Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM/F12, HEPES, no phenol red) and streptomycin–penicillin were acquired from Life Technologies Italia (Monza, Italy). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, NaCl 0.138 M; KCl 0.0027 M; pH 7.4, at 25 °C), Tween80 and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5,diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT, 97.5%) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy).

Obinu A., Porcu E.P., Piras S., Ibba R., Carta A., Molicotti P., Migheli R., Dalpiaz A., Ferraro L., Rassu G., Gavini E, & Giunchedi P. (2020). Solid Lipid Nanoparticles as Formulative Strategy to Increase Oral Permeation of a Molecule Active in Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Management. Pharmaceutics, 12(12), 1132.

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Lipid-Based Nanoparticle Formulation

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Rose Bengal sodium salt
(RB), cholesterol, Span 80, and ethanol were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich
(St. Louis, MO). Lipoid S 100 was gifted by Lipoid GmbH (Ludwigshafen,
Germany). Acetonitrile and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were acquired
from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, NaCl
0.138 M; KCl 0.0027 M; pH 7.4; 25 °C) was obtained by Sigma-Aldrich
(Milan, Italy). Ultrapure bidistilled water was obtained by a MilliQ
R4 system, Millipore (Milan, Italy).

Demartis S., Rassu G., Murgia S., Casula L., Giunchedi P, & Gavini E. (2021). Improving Dermal Delivery of Rose Bengal by Deformable Lipid Nanovesicles for Topical Treatment of Melanoma. Molecular Pharmaceutics, 18(11), 4046-4057.

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Captopril-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles

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Captopril (CAT, ε98% HPLC) and cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP, Mw: 2534.12 g/mol) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Chitosan chloride (CH, Protasan UP CL 113, Mw: 160,000 g/mol, deacetylation degree, 86%) was obtained from Novamatrix (Drammen, Norway). Acetone was bought from Carlo Erba Reagents (Val de Reuil, France). Ultrapure bi-distilled water was obtained by a MilliQ R4 system, Millipore (Milan, Italy). Acetonitrile and ethanol of chromatographic grade were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Hydrochloric acid 37% was acquired from Honeywell Fluka^TM (Seelze, Germany). Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM), 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5,diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) were acquired from Merck (Madrid, Spain). HFF-1 cells were obtained from the ATCC (Barcelona, Spain).

Nieto González N., Cerri G., Molpeceres J., Cossu M., Rassu G., Giunchedi P, & Gavini E. (2022). Surfactant-Free Chitosan/Cellulose Acetate Phthalate Nanoparticles: An Attempt to Solve the Needs of Captopril Administration in Paediatrics. Pharmaceuticals, 15(6), 662.

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Bioresorbable PCL-PVA Scaffolds with Titanium

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Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL, average Mn 80,000 g/mol) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA, Mn = 30,000–70,000 g/mol, 87–90% hydrolyzed) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany). Rose bengal sodium salt (RB) and dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, NaCl 0.138 M; KCl 0.0027 M; pH 7.4; 25 °C) and hydrochloric acid 37% (HCl, EMSURE^® ACS, ISO, Reag. Ph. Eur. analytical reagent, Supelco^®) were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Milan, Italy). Ultrapure bi-distilled water (H₂O) was obtained by a MilliQ R4 system, Millipore (Milan, Italy). Commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) grade IV was supplied by SEJOING Materials Co. Ltd. (Seoul, Korea) with mean particle size d[50] = 23.3 µm [28 (link)]. Ammonium bicarbonate (NH₄HCO₄) (BA), 99% purity, supplied by Cymit Química S.L. (Barcelona, Spain), 250–355 µm in size, was used as spacer particles [29 (link),30 (link)]. For the preparation of the solutions required by the titration method for the evaluation of bioactivity, sodium chloride (NaCl, BioXtra) ≥ 99.5% purity, di-sodium hydrogen phosphate dehydrate (Na₂HPO₄⋅2H₂O, EMPROVE^® ESSENTIAL Ph Eur, BP, USP), calcium chloride (CaCl₂) 97.0% purity, and Trizma base 99% purity (TRIS) were purchased by Sigma-Aldrich (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).

Accioni F., Rassu G., Begines B., Rodríguez-Albelo L.M., Torres Y., Alcudia A, & Gavini E. (2022). Novel Utilization of Therapeutic Coatings Based on Infiltrated Encapsulated Rose Bengal Microspheres in Porous Titanium for Implant Applications. Pharmaceutics, 14(6), 1244.

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