Physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption were assessed by questionnaire at baseline. These characteristics have demonstrated face validity in the UK Biobank sample through their associations with mortality and cardiovascular disease.11 (link) Participants were categorised into never, previous, and current smokers. From information on the weekly intake of beer and cider (1 pint =2 units), wines (1 standard glass = 2 units) and spirits (1 shot = 1 unit), we aggregated units of alcohol intake per week. Heavy alcohol intake was defined as ≥14 units in women and ≥21 units in men.3 (link) Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form12 that measures duration and frequency of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) from all domains in the last week. Meeting activity guidelines was defined as ≥150 min/week MVPA or ≥75 min/week vigorous PA.3 (link) Body weight was measured using Tanita BC418MA scales and standing height using a Seca height measure. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated [weight (kilograms)/height2 (meters2) squared] and categorised into standard groups: healthy weight < 25; overweight 25 - < 30; obese ≥ 30 kg/m2.
Height measure
Manufactured by Seca
Sourced in United Kingdom
The height measure is a device used to accurately measure an individual's height. It provides a precise measurement of a person's standing height.
Automatically generated - may contain errors
12 protocols using height measure
1
Lifestyle Factors and Health Outcomes
2
Anthropometric and Blood Pressure Measurements
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Participants were asked to report their date of birth, sex (male or female), ethnicity (participants self-identified to standard census definitions), smoking status, postcode, medical history, and current medications. Two ethnicity groups were created for this analysis, with White British, White Irish, or any other White background being grouped as WE and Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, or any other South Asian background as SA (Yates et al., 2020 (link)).
Body weight and body composition (Tanita SC-330ST, Tanita, West Drayton, UK), height (Height Measure, Seca, Birmingham, UK), and waist circumference (midpoint between the lower costal margin and iliac crest) were measured to the nearest 0.1 kg, 0.1%, and 0.5 cm, respectively. Arterial blood pressure was measured in the sitting position (Omron Healthcare, Henfield, UK); three measurements were obtained and the average of the last two used.
Body weight and body composition (Tanita SC-330ST, Tanita, West Drayton, UK), height (Height Measure, Seca, Birmingham, UK), and waist circumference (midpoint between the lower costal margin and iliac crest) were measured to the nearest 0.1 kg, 0.1%, and 0.5 cm, respectively. Arterial blood pressure was measured in the sitting position (Omron Healthcare, Henfield, UK); three measurements were obtained and the average of the last two used.
3
Measuring Child Height, Weight, and BMI
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The child’s height and weight were measured by registered nurses or nurse practitioners. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm with a portable stadiometer (either Leicester Height Measure or a SECA 214), and weight was measured to the nearest 100 g using a floor scale (SECA 862, Tanita WB 100 S MA, SECA 770, or Tanita HD-351) that was calibrated at least twice per year. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as the weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared and converted into sex- and age-specific BMI z scores using the World Health Organization’s Anthro macro (version 3.2.2) for Stata statistical software. Children with a BMI z score at or above the 95th percentile were classified as children with obesity.
4
Measuring Child Growth in New Zealand
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Height and weight were measured by a registered nurse or nurse practitioner. The B4SC handbook instructs that children should be measured wearing light clothing, shoes removed and with equipment stable on a levelled hard surface [15 ]. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a portable stadiometer (either Leicester Height Measure or a SECA 214) and weight to the nearest 0.1 kg using a SECA 862 electronic floor scale or Tanita WB 100 S MA floor scale (or SECA 770 or Tanita HD-351 weighing scale); calibrated at least once every 6 months.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) Anthro Software - STATA ‘igrowup’ package was used to obtain the WHO growth standards including sex-specific BMI-for-age z-scores [16 ], henceforth referred to as BMI z-score. We used WHO growth standards to ensure continuity with our previously published work [12 (link)], because they have been endorsed for New Zealand by the New Zealand Ministry of Health [15 ], and because this paper concentrates on changes over time within New Zealand children rather than international comparisons.
The World Health Organisation (WHO) Anthro Software - STATA ‘igrowup’ package was used to obtain the WHO growth standards including sex-specific BMI-for-age z-scores [16 ], henceforth referred to as BMI z-score. We used WHO growth standards to ensure continuity with our previously published work [12 (link)], because they have been endorsed for New Zealand by the New Zealand Ministry of Health [15 ], and because this paper concentrates on changes over time within New Zealand children rather than international comparisons.
5
Anthropometric Measurements Protocol
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Body weight was measured using Tanita BC418MA scales. Height was measured using a Seca height measure. BMI was calculated from measured height and weight.
6
Comprehensive Anthropometric Assessment in Esophageal Cancer
7
Comprehensive Health Measures in Older Adults
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Body weight was measured using Tanita BC418MA scales and standing height using a Seca height measure, and body mass index (BMI) calculated [weight (kilograms)/height2 (meters2) squared]. Waist and hip circumference were measured with a non-elastic tape, and their ratio computed. The following self-reported physician diagnosed chronic diseases were used: cardiovascular diseases (heart attack, angina, stroke), chronic bronchitis and diabetes. Hypertension was defined as elevated measured blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg) and /or use of anti-hypertensive medication. We used two indicators of mental health: contact with a psychiatrist for any disorder and symptoms of psychological distress as measured using the four-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) in which scores ranged from 0-12 (categorised as 0, 1-2, ≥3 [high]). A verbal numerical reasoning task was used as a marker of cognitive function.12 (link)
8
Comprehensive Health Assessment Protocol
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Body weight was measured using Tanita BC418MA scales and standing height using a Seca height measure, and body mass index (BMI) calculated [weight (kilograms)/height2 (meters2) squared].
Waist and hip circumference were measured with a non-elastic tape, and their ratio computed. The following self-reported physician diagnosed chronic diseases were used: cardiovascular diseases (heart attack, angina, stroke), chronic bronchitis and diabetes. Hypertension was defined as elevated measured blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg) and /or use of anti-hypertensive medication. We used two indicators of mental health: contact with a psychiatrist for any disorder and symptoms of psychological distress as measured using the four-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) in which scores ranged from 0 to 12 (categorised as 0, 1–2, ≥3 [high]). A verbal numerical reasoning task was used as a marker of cognitive function. (Gale et al., 2019 (link))
Waist and hip circumference were measured with a non-elastic tape, and their ratio computed. The following self-reported physician diagnosed chronic diseases were used: cardiovascular diseases (heart attack, angina, stroke), chronic bronchitis and diabetes. Hypertension was defined as elevated measured blood pressure (≥140/90 mmHg) and /or use of anti-hypertensive medication. We used two indicators of mental health: contact with a psychiatrist for any disorder and symptoms of psychological distress as measured using the four-item version of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4) in which scores ranged from 0 to 12 (categorised as 0, 1–2, ≥3 [high]). A verbal numerical reasoning task was used as a marker of cognitive function. (Gale et al., 2019 (link))
9
Anthropometric Measures and Lifestyle Factors
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Four measures of general obesity and fat distribution were applied, i.e., body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio. Body weight was measured with an accuracy of 0.1 kg using body composition analyser Tanita SC-240 MA, while height was assessed in an upright position by a Seca height measure (with an accuracy of 0.1 cm). BMI was calculated as the ratio of the body mass (in kg) divided by the squared height (in metres). Natural waist indentation or umbilicus were used as specific points against which the waist circumference was measured. The hip circumference was measured at the widest part of the hips. Waist-to-hip and waist-to-height ratios were calculated as the ratio of waist circumference divided by the hip circumference and the waist circumference divided by height, respectively. Self-reported alcohol and red meat intake were specified in grams per week. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were measured by a blood pressure monitor Omron (Model M3 Intellisense) and calculated as the average of two readings executed by medical personnel.
10
Anthropometric Measurements in Children
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As per guidelines, anthropometric measurements were conducted using calibrated instruments (Ministry of Health, 2008 ). Height (±0.1 cm) was measured using a portable stadiometer (Leicester Height Measure or SECA 214) and weight (±0.1 kg) was measured using a floor scale (SECA 862, SECA 770, Tanita WB 100 S MA or Tanita HD-351). The WHO Anthro Macro (version 3.2.2) was used to obtain sex-specific body mass index (BMI)-for-age Z-scores (WHO Anthro Department of Nutrition, 2019 ). A three-level categorical variable, BMI, was used to indicate children within a healthy BMI range of plus or minus one standard deviation (SD) of the WHO mean for children at 4 years of age, those one SD below the mean considered underweight, and one SD above the mean considered overweight (de Onis et al., 2019 (link)).
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