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Liquid swivel

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The Liquid Swivel is a laboratory equipment component designed to facilitate the transfer of liquids between two connected systems. It allows for the continuous, uninterrupted flow of liquids while enabling rotation or pivoting movement between the connected parts. The core function of the Liquid Swivel is to provide a reliable and flexible liquid transfer solution for various laboratory applications.

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Lab products found in correlation

Operant conditioning chamber, by Med Associates (7 mentions) Syringe pump, by Med Associates (4 mentions) Infusion pump, by Med Associates (3 mentions) Pellet dispenser, by Med Associates (1 mentions) Silastic, by Dow (1 mentions) Phd 2000, by Harvard Apparatus (1 mentions) Operant chamber, by Med Associates (1 mentions) Standard operant chambers, by Harvard Apparatus (1 mentions) Graphic state, by Harvard Apparatus (1 mentions) Sucrose pellet, by Bio-Serv (1 mentions)

22 protocols using liquid swivel

1

Operant Conditioning Chambers for Self-Administration

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The operant conditioning chambers (Med Associates, VT, USA) contained an active and inactive lever, a cue light, and a tone generator as previously described in Pentkowski et al.16 . The chambers contained either an infusion pump (Med Associates) connected to a liquid swivel (Instech, PA, USA) and attached to a polyethylene tubing sheltered within a metal leash (PlasticsOne, VA, USA) or contained pellet dispensers (Med Associates). All operant conditioning chambers were housed within sound attenuating boxes that contained a ventilation fan. Male and female rats underwent self-administration in different rooms to avoid potential confounding influences of sex on behavior.
Garcia R., Le T., Scott S.N., Charmchi D., Sprout J.M., Pentkowski N.S, & Neisewander J.L. (2020). Preclinical support for the therapeutic potential of zolmitriptan as a treatment for cocaine use disorders. Translational Psychiatry, 10, 266.
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2

Heroin and Palatable Solution Self-Administration in Rats

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Rats were trained in self-administration chambers located inside sound-attenuating cubicles, fitted with an electric fan and controlled by a custom-made system. Each chamber was equipped with a stainless-steel grid floor and two operant panels placed on the left and right walls (see Figure S1). The left panel of the chamber was equipped with a house light that signaled the insertion and subsequent availability of the heroin-paired active (retractable) lever. Responses on this lever activated the infusion pump and the discrete white-light cue located above the lever and heroin was delivered through a modified cannula (Plastics One; Roanoke, VA, USA) connected to a liquid swivel (Instech; Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA) via polyethylene-50 tubing that was protected by a metal spring. In addition, the left wall was equipped with an inactive (stationary) lever that had no reinforced consequences. The right panel was equipped with the palatable solution-paired active (retractable) lever. Responses on this lever activated the infusion pump and the three-light cue located above the lever. The 1 ml palatable solution was delivered to a receptacle located near the solution-paired lever, connected with a silicon tubing to a syringe that contained the palatable solution.
D’Ottavio G., Reverte I., Ragozzino D., Meringolo M., Milella M.S., Boix F., Venniro M., Badiani A, & Caprioli D. (2022). Increased heroin intake and relapse vulnerability in intermittent relative to continuous self-administration: sex differences in rats. British journal of pharmacology, 180(7), 910-926.
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3

Methamphetamine Self-Administration in Rats

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Rats were trained in SA chambers located inside sound-attenuated cabinets and controlled by a Med Associates System (Med Associates, St Albans, VT). Each chamber had two levers which were 8.5 cm above the grid floor. Pressing the active lever resulted in a flash of the house light, tone, and subsequent infusion of METH (0.1 mg/kg). Pressing the inactive lever did not results in any programmed responses. The catheters were connected to an intravenous line (Plastics One, Roanoke, VA, USA) attached to a liquid swivel (Instech, Plymouth, PA, USA) via polyethylene-50 tubing that was protected by a metal spring.
Chojnacki M.R., Jayanthi S, & Cadet J.L. (2020). Methamphetamine pre-exposure induces steeper escalation of methamphetamine self-administration with consequent alterations in hippocampal glutamate AMPA receptor mRNAs. European journal of pharmacology, 889, 173732.
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4

Jugular Vein Cannulation for Rat Blood Sampling

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Rats were anaesthetized with inhaled isoflurane (5% initial and 2% maintenance). The right jugular vein was exposed and a silastic- (Dow Corning, Midland, MI) tipped polythene cannula (i.d. 0.5 mm o.d. 0.93 mm; Portex, Hythe, UK) filled with heparinized (10 IU/mL), pyrogen-free, isotonic saline was inserted into the vein until it was positioned close to the right atrium. The other end of the cannula was exteriorized through a scalp incision, and the neck incision was sutured. The free end of the cannula was inserted through a protective spring, which was fixed to the parietal bones using two stainless steel screws and dental cement. Following recovery from anesthesia the rats were individually housed in a room housing the automated blood sampling system. The free end of the protective spring was attached to a liquid swivel (Instech Laboratories, Inc, Plymouth Meeting, PA) that rotated through 360° in the horizontal plane and up to 180° in the vertical plane, giving the rats maximum freedom of movement. The rats recovered for 5 d prior to the experiment and each day during the recovery period the jugular cannulae were flushed with heparinized saline to maintain patency.
Barrientos R.M., Thompson V.M., Kitt M.M., Amat J., Hale M.W., Frank M.G., Crysdale N.Y., Stamper C.E., Hennessey P.A., Watkins L.R., Spencer R.L., Lowry C.A, & Maier S.F. (2014). Greater Glucocorticoid Receptor Activation in Hippocampus of Aged Rats Sensitizes Microglia. Neurobiology of aging, 36(3), 1483-1495.
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5

Operant Conditioning Chamber Setup for Self-Administration

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Self-administration training and testing were conducted in Plexiglas operant conditioning chambers (20 × 28 × 20 cm; Med Associates, St. Albans, VT) individually encased within a ventilated, sound-attenuating cabinet. A stimulus light was mounted above the designated active lever. An infusion pump containing a 10-ml syringe was located outside of the cabinet. Tygon tubing connected to the syringe to a liquid swivel (Instech, Plymouth Meeting, PA) suspended above the operant conditioning chamber and connected the outlet of the swivel to the catheter via Tygon tubing. The latter tubing ran through a metal spring leash (Plastics One, Roanoke, VA) fastened onto the plastic screw of the cannula that was anchored to the animal’s head.
Wang J., Bastle R.M., Bass C.E., Hammer RP J.r., Neisewander J.L, & Nikulina E.M. (2016). Overexpression of BDNF in the ventral tegmental area enhances binge cocaine self-administration in rats exposed to repeated social defeat. Neuropharmacology, 109, 121-130.
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6

Rat Self-Administration of Methamphetamine

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We trained the rats in self‐administration chambers located inside sound‐attenuating cabinets and controlled by a Med Associates (Georgia, VT) system. Each chamber has two levers located 8–9 cm above the floor. During self‐administration training, presses on the retractable (active) lever activated the infusion pump (which delivered a Meth or saline infusion); presses on the stationary (inactive) lever were not reinforced. For intravenous infusions, we connected each rat's catheter to a liquid swivel (Instech) via polyethylene‐50 tubing, protected by a metal spring. We then attached the liquid swivel to a 20‐ml syringe via polyethylene‐50 tubing and to a 22‐gauge modified cannula (Plastics One).
Li X., Davis I.R., Lofaro O.M., Zhang J., Cimbro R, & Rubio F.J. (2019). Distinct gene alterations between Fos‐expressing striatal and thalamic neurons after withdrawal from methamphetamine self‐administration. Brain and Behavior, 9(9), e01378.
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7

Methamphetamine Self-Administration Rat Study

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Five days after surgery, rats were placed in SA chambers controlled by two Med Associates systems. Each chamber was housed inside separate sound-attenuating cabinets and equipped with two retractable levers located above a metal grid floor. Grid floor were individually connected to electric generators but were only activated during the shock phase of our experiment. Presses on the active SA lever resulted in METH infusions paired with a 5 second tone-light cue and followed by a 20 second time-out period. Presses on the inactive lever resulted in no scheduled reinforcements. The catheters of rats in both METH SA and saline groups were attached to intravenous lines consisting of polyethylene50 tubing, protected by a metal coil, and connected to a liquid swivel (Instech) allowing the rats free movement inside the SA chamber.
Torres O.V., Jayanthi S., Ladenheim B., McCoy M.T., Krasnova I.N, & Cadet J.L. (2017). Compulsive methamphetamine taking under punishment is associated with greater cue-induced drug seeking in rats. Behavioural brain research, 326, 265-271.
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8

Circadian Rhythm of Corticosterone

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Mice under ketamine-xylazine (100–10 mg/kg im) anesthesia were implanted with CMA 20 (10 mm) probes (Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA) subcutaneously in the dorsal neck region. Following tethering to a liquid swivel (Instech Labs, Plymouth Meeting, PA), mice were sampled beginning 2 days post-surgery at 60 min intervals for 3 days under a 12:12 h light-dark (LD) cycle. Free corticosterone in dialysate was assayed by 125I-corticosterone RIA kit (MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, CA). A dialysate pool was found to dilute in parallel with the corticosterone standard curve (data not shown); dialysate samples were diluted 1:3 to insure that values fell on the linear part of the standard curve. The in vivo microdialysis data were analyzed using the CircWave 1.4 software (Dr. R. Hut, http://www.euclock.org) to test the daily rhythmicity of corticosterone levels and the 24-h rhythm was confirmed if p < 0.05.
Kofuji P., Mure L.S., Massman L.J., Purrier N., Panda S, & Engeland W.C. (2016). Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs) Are Necessary for Light Entrainment of Peripheral Clocks. PLoS ONE, 11(12), e0168651.
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9

In Vivo Microdialysis of Serotonin in Rat CeA

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On the morning of dialysis, rats were briefly anesthetized with isoflurane and a custom concentric dialysis probe (Hoffman et al., 2002 (link)) exposed cellulose tip length of approximately 2.0 mm (M.W. cut-off 5000, Travenol Laboratories, Deerfield, IL, USA) was implanted in the CeA. Probes were connected to a liquid swivel (Instech Laboratories, Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA) that enabled the rats to move freely in a 38-l terrarium. Terraria walls were covered, and illumination was provided by using 25 W red lights. A modified Ringer’s solution (in mM: 137 NaCl, 1.2 CaCl2, 1.2 MgCl2, 2.4 KCl, 0.9 NaH2PO4, 1.4 Na2HPO4; (Moghaddam and Bunney, 1989 (link)) was perfused through the probe at a flow rate of 0.4 μl/min employing a CMA/100 microinjection pump (CMA, North Chelmsford, MA, USA). The outlet line emptied into a microcentrifuge vial attached above the liquid swivel, which allowed for samples to be collected with minimal disturbance of the rats. Probe recovery rates for 5-HT, determined in modified Ringer’s at a flow rate of 0.4 μl/min, varied between 10–20%. After a 4–6 h washout period samples were collected and analyzed until there was a stable 5-HT baseline (three samples with < 10% variation).
Ronan P.J., Korzan W.J., Johnson P.L., Lowry C.A., Renner K.J, & Summers C.H. (2023). Prior stress and vasopressin promote corticotropin-releasing factor inhibition of serotonin release in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 17, 1148292.
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10

Cocaine Self-Administration in Mice

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For cocaine self-administration, a panel with cue lights and 2 nose-poke operanda was inserted vertically into the home cage of the mouse (Miczek and de Almeida 2001 (link)). The top of the panel held a house light for cage illumination and a counterbalanced arm holding a liquid swivel (Instech Laboratories, Plymouth Meeting, PA). A 3 ml syringe in a computer-controlled, pump was connected to the swivel and pedestal by PE20 tubing. A green cue light distinguished the operanda (the “active” hole had a light present, while the “inactive” hole remained unlit). The active side remained constant throughout the experiment and was counterbalanced across subjects. A response on the active side triggered an I.V. infusion of cocaine and the stimulus light was then deactivated for 20 seconds (indicating the post-infusion time-out). All responses and infusions were recorded automatically using a computer interface and software from Med Associates (St. Albans, VT).
Arena D.T., Covington HE I.I.I., DeBold J.F, & Miczek K.A. (2019). Persistent increase of I.V. cocaine self-administration in a subgroup of C57BL/6J male mice after social defeat stress. Psychopharmacology, 236(7), 2027-2037.
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