Ginsenoside rc

The chemical standards of ginsenoside Rb₁, ginsenoside Rb₂, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, and ginsenoside Rg₁ were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). LC-MS grade solvents, including acetonitrile and methanol, were procured from J.T. Baker, Inc. (Phillipsburg, NJ, USA). Triple deionized water (Millipore Bedford, MA, USA) was prepared for all aqueous solutions.

_DL-glyceraldehyde dimer, adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), β-nicotinamide bovine serum albumin (BSA), and quercetin were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Human recombinant AR (0.4 units) was purchased from Wako Chemicals (Osaka, Japan). Sodium azide was purchased from Junsei Chemical Co. (Tokyo, Japan). Ginsenoside Rb2 (>95%), ginsenoside Rb3 (>95%), protopanaxadiol (purity >85%), ginsenoside Rf (>95%), ginsenoside Rc (>98%), protopanaxatriol (>96%), ginsenoside Re (>97%), (20S) ginsenoside Rg3 (>98%), ginsenoside Rd (>95%), ginsenoside Rg1(>90%), ginsenoside Rh2 (>97%), compound K (>96%), sodium hydroxide, ginsenoside Rb1 (>98%), quercetin (>95%), ginsenoside Rh1(>90%), glucose, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and sorbitol were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St Louis, MO, USA). (20R) ginsenoside Rg3 (purity > 96%), (20S) ginsenoside Rg2 (>90%), ginsenoside Ra1 (>96%), ginsenoside Ra2 (>98%), ginsenoside Rs1 (>97%), ginsenoside Rs2 (>90%), (20R) ginsenoside Rg2 (>99%) were purchased from Selleckchem Co. (Cedarlane, ON, Canada). Unless otherwise noted, all additional chemicals and solvents were reagent grade and purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germania), Fluka (Buchs, Switzerland), Duksan Pure Chemical Co. (Ansan, South Korea), or Sigma-Aldrich Co.